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Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can improve water security by using aquifers to store water when it is abundant until required for future use and can increase the use of urban stormwater and treated wastewater to reduce the demand on traditional surface water and groundwater supplies. Recently, two Australian examples were showcased internationally as sustainable and economic MAR: Perth’s groundwater replenishment scheme (GWRS) with recycled water to increase security of urban water supply and a multi-site urban stormwater MAR scheme for suburban non-potable water supply in Salisbury, Adelaide. This paper provides a synopsis of these Australian exemplars of sustainable and economic MAR.

Treated wastewater (TWW) infiltration into non-potable aquifers has been used for decades in Western Australia for disposal and reuse. These wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are mostly pond systems, infiltrating secondary TWW with some activated sludge. There is no disinfection of TWW pre-infiltration. This study gave an opportunity to study the fate of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in aquifers, using compliance monitoring data (2006–2016) and is relevant if water reuse is to be implemented at these sites in the future. Microbiological water quality data (E. coli) were evaluated using an advanced statistical method able to incorporate the highly censored data at full scale operational infiltration sites. Subsurface E. coli removal from TWW was observed at all 17 infiltration sites investigated. Most sites (14) had less than six detections of E. coli in groundwater (58–100% non-detects; 7–117 samples/bore), thus the statistical method could not be applied. The observations could be used to infer between 1 to >3 log10 removal for E. coli. The remaining three sites had sufficient detections for probabilistic modelling analysis, the median removal efficiency for E. coli was quantified as 96% to greater than 99%, confirming at least 1 log10 removal with potential for several log10 removal. Reductions could not be explained through dilution with the native groundwater alone as there was a high proportion of TWW in observation bores. The observed reductions are likely the result of bacteria retention and inactivation in the aquifer. The magnitude of microbiological water quality improvement highlights the sustainable and reliable use of the aquifer to improve water quality to levels appropriate for low- and medium-risk non-potable uses without using engineered disinfection methods.

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