The aim of this paper to give a comprehensive overview of existing techniques and state-of-the-art systems for indoor localization that could be adopted in smart factories of the future. We present different techniques for calculating the position of a moving object using signal transmission and signal measurement, and compare their advantages and disadvantages. The paper also includes a discussion of various localization systems available in the market and compares their most important features. It ends with a discussion of important issues to consider in future work in order to fully implement indoor, real-time localization of operators in the smart factory. INTRODUCTIONThe term "smart factory" refers to the fourth industrial revolution (also called Industry 4.0) and a groundbreaking technological evolution towards cyber-physical systems [1]. With smart factories comes a paradigm shift from centralized to decentralized production which is enabled through the concept of the "Internet-of-Things" [2]. The Internet-of-Things basically means that all objects in a factory (such as machines, tools, products, and human operators) are connected to the Internet and share information with each other [3]. When all objects are online, entirely new possibilities emerge for developing intelligent and adaptive IT-based support systems that can make shop floor operators more flexible and efficient. For example, instead of using traditional, static user interfaces it becomes possible to dynamically download the user interface from the Internet and adapt the information content based on the operator's location. This requires that the positions of all operators are tracked in real-time, which creates a requirement for efficient
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