The incidence of occupational injuries and diseases associated with industrialization has declined markedly following developments in science and technology, such as engineering controls, protective equipment, safer machinery and processes, and greater adherence to regulations and labor inspections. Although the introduction of health and safety management systems has further decreased the incidence of occupational injuries and diseases, these systems are not effective unless accompanied by a positive safety culture in the workplace. The characteristics of work in the 21st century have given rise to new issues related to workers' health, such as new types of work-related disorders, noncommunicable diseases, and inequality in the availability of occupational health services. Overcoming these new and emerging issues requires a culture of prevention at the national level. The present paper addresses: (1) how to change safety cultures in both theory and practice at the level of the workplace; and (2) the role of prevention culture at the national level.

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The T cell-specific tyrosine kinase, p56 lck , plays crucial roles in T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated T cell activation. Here, we report that SOCS-6 (suppressor of cytokine signaling-6) is a negative regulator of p56 lck . SOCS-6 was identified as a protein binding to the kinase domain of p56 lck through yeast two-hybrid screening. SOCS-6 bound specifically to p56 lck (F505), which mimics the active form of p56 lck , but not to wild type p56 lck . In Jurkat T cells, SOCS-6 binding to p56 lck was detected 1-2 h after TCR stimulation. Confocal microscopy showed that upon APC-T cell conjugation, SOCS-6 was recruited to the immunological synapse and colocalized with the active form of p56 lck . SOCS-6 promoted p56lck ubiquitination and its subsequent targeting to the proteasome. Moreover, SOCS-6 overexpression led to repression of TCR-dependent interleukin-2 promoter activity. These results establish that SOCS-6 acts as a negative regulator of T cell activation by promoting ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis.The T lymphocyte-specific member of the Src-type tyrosine kinase family, p56 lck , plays essential roles in development, antigen-induced T cell activation, and proliferation (1-3). During TCR 4 -mediated T cell activation, p56 lck is activated and transmits a positive signal by interacting with CD4/CD8 (4, 5). Upon engagement of the antigen-major histocompatibility complex with TCR-CD4-CD8 complexes, p56 lck phosphorylates the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs of the CD3 -chain and provides the binding site for ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase (6). Subsequent ZAP-70 activation leads to phosphorylation of signaling proteins, including LAT, and amplification of TCR-mediated signaling (7,8). In this process, p56 lck migrates to T cell-APC contact regions known as immunological synapses (IS) and thereby enhances TCR signaling (9, 10). Given the importance of p56 lck function in T cell activation, establishing how p56 lck activity is regulated is essential to understand that activation.The structure of p56 lck is similar to that of other Src family kinases and exhibits the following common domains: N-terminal attachment sites for saturated fatty acid addition, a unique region; an Src homology 3 (SH3) domain; an SH2 domain; a tyrosine kinase domain (SH1); and a C-terminal negative regulatory site, tyrosine 505 (Tyr-505) (11). p56 lck kinase activity is regulated by intramolecular interactions through its regulatory domains and/or phosphorylation (11). For example, phosphorylation of Tyr-394 in the activation loop of the kinase domain increases enzymatic activity, whereas phosphorylation of Tyr-505 renders the enzyme less active. Phosphorylated Tyr-505 interacts with its own SH2 domain, promoting a closed conformation and maintaining the kinase in an inactive state (12). Phenylalanine substitution of the regulatory tyrosine residue (Y505F) results in a constitutively active form of the protein.The status of the regulatory tyrosine is maintained both by a kinase, Csk, which phosphorylates it (13), and by a transmembrane...

Activation of the upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, and triceps brachii muscles was measured, while center of pressure excursion beneath the hands was simultaneously monitored, during the performance of a push-up exercise on both a stable and an unstable base of support. The activation levels of all muscles were significantly greater for the unstable support surface when compared to those for a stable support surface (p < 0.05). A negative correlation was found between activation of the serriatus anterior muscle and center of pressure excursion (r = -0.64, p < 0.05). Performance of the push-up exercise on an unstable support surface appears to elicit greater muscle activation than a standard push-up exercise performed on a stable support surface.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), so-called ‘drones’, have been widely used to monitor wild animals. Here, we tested a UAV with red, green, and blue (RGB) and thermal cameras to detect free-living birds in a high Arctic region in North Greenland and in a restricted area in the Republic of Korea. Small flocks of molting pink-footed geese ( Anser brachyrhynchus ) near sea ice and incubating common ringed plovers ( Charadrius hiaticula ) in the Arctic environment were chosen for the RGB and thermal image studies. From the acquired images, we built mosaicked RGB images and coregistered thermal images, and estimated the animal shapes. Our results showed that geese were discriminated in both RGB and thermal images with water and sea ice backgrounds. Incubating plover bodies were not distinguished in RGB images due to their cryptic coloration, but they were detected in thermal images with cold background areas in the Arctic environment. We further conducted a blind survey in a restricted area under military control in Korea near the breeding sites of black-faced spoonbill ( Platalea minor ), which is an endangered species. From UAV flights with RGB and thermal cameras operated out of the restricted area, we acquired images of white objects in the mudflats and verified that the objects were resting spoonbills by watching the birds. We suggest that thermal cameras and UAVs can be applied to monitor animals in extreme environments and in restricted areas and help researchers find cryptic wader nests.

In wildlife biology, it is important to conduct efficient observations and quantitative monitoring of wild animals. Conventional wildlife monitoring mainly relies on direct field observations by the naked eyes or through binoculars, on-site image acquisition at fixed spots, and sampling or capturing under severe areal constraints. Recently, remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS), also called drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), were successfully applied to detect wildlife with imaging sensors, such as RGB and thermal-imaging sensors, with superior detection capabilities to those of human observation. Here, we review studies with RPAS which has been increasingly used in wildlife detection and explain how an RPAS-based high-resolution RGB image can be applied to wild animal studies from the perspective of individual detection and population surveys as well as behavioral studies. The applicability of thermal-imaging sensors was also assessed with further information extractable from image analyses. In addition, RPAS-based case studies of acquisition of high-resolution RGB images for the purpose of detecting southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) and shape property extraction using thermal-imaging sensor in King George Island, maritime Antarctica is presented as applications in an extreme environment. The case studies suggest that currently available cost-effective small-sized RPAS, which are capable of flexible operation and mounting miniaturized imaging sensors, and are easily maneuverable even from an inflatable boat, can be an effective and supportive technique for both the visual interpretation and quantitative analysis of wild animals in low-accessible extreme or maritime environments.

The Korea National Hospital Discharge In-depth Injury Survey (KNHDIS), which was started in 2005, is a national probability survey of general hospitals in Korea with 100 or more beds conducted by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). The KNHDIS captures approximately 9% of discharged cases from sampled hospitals using a 2-stage stratified cluster sampling scheme, among which 13% are injury related cases, defined as S00-T98 (injury, poisoning, and certain other consequences of external causes) using International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision codes. The KNHDIS collects information on characteristics of injury-related discharges in order to understand the scale of injuries, identify risk factors, and provide data supporting prevention policies and intervention strategies. The types of data captured include the hospitals’ information, detailed clinical information, and injury-related codes such as the mechanism, activities undertaken when injured (sports, leisure activities, work, treatment, and education), external causes of the injury, and location of the occurrence of the injury based on the International Classification of External Causes of Injuries. Furthermore, the means of transportation, risk factors for suicide, and toxic substances are recoreded. Annual reports of the KNHDIS are publicly accessible to browse via the KDCA website (http://www.kdca.go.kr) and microdata are available free of charge upon request via email (kcdcinjury@korea.kr).

Background Anchoring filament protein ladinin-1 (LAD1) was related to the aggressive progression of breast, lung, laryngeal and thyroid cancers. However, the association of LAD1 with colorectal cancer remained unknown. Here, to determine the relationship of LAD1 with colorectal cancer progression, we explored the effect of LAD1 loss on the malignant features of colorectal cancer cells. Methods We constructed LAD1-depleted cell lines and examined the effect of LAD1 deficiency on the phenotypic and molecular features of colorectal cancer cells in vitro. The function of LAD1 in metastasis in vivo was examined by establishing a spleen-to-liver metastasis mouse model. LAD1 protein expression in colorectal cancer patient specimens was assessed by immunohistochemistry of tumor microarrays. Results We found that LAD1 was abundant in most colorectal cancer cells. In addition, high expression of LAD1 significantly correlated with poor patient outcome. LAD1 depletion inhibited the migration and invasion of two different colorectal cancer cell lines, SW620 and Caco-2, without affecting their proliferation. In addition, LAD1 loss led to defects in liver metastasis of SW620 cells in the mouse model. Immunohistochemistry of colorectal cancer tissues revealed LAD1 enrichment in metastatic tissues compared to that in primary tumor and normal tissues. Conclusion These results suggest that LAD1 expression is associated with the metastatic progression of colorectal cancer by promoting the migration and invasion of cancer cells.