Many countries are endeavoring to strengthen the competitiveness of their biological resources by exploring and developing wild endemic plants. This study examined the effects of Filipendula glaberrima Nakai (FG) on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity using an in vitro system. The bioactive components were also examined using chromatographic techniques. The ethanol extract of Filipendula glaberrima Nakai (FGE) exerted antioxidant activities in the radical scavenging and reducing power assays and had high amounts of total polyphenolic compounds. The qRT-PCR results suggested that FGE significantly downregulated the levels cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The FGE treatment also decreased the production of nitric oxide, TNF-α, and IL-6 significantly in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, FGE downregulated phosphorylation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins. The chromatographic and mass spectrometry results showed that FGE contained bioactive flavonoids such as (+)-catechin, miquelianin, quercitrin, and afzelin, which may be active compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study provides fundamental data on the anti-inflammatory activity of the FG and can serve as a good starting point for developing a novel natural anti-inflammatory agent using FGE-containing bioactive flavonoids.
This study examines a plan for efficient leakage investigation to decide the number of surveysubjected water meters in the Option A method, which requires considerable manpower and expense, along with possible civil complaints, among the possible methods for determining the minimum night flow. The Bayesian approach was adopted, and the prior distribution of night use and water supply pipe night flow losses were proposed in order to estimate the most efficient survey rate in Option A test. From the results, the prior distribution was decided as the gamma distribution by surveying the minimum night flow for all the water meters for district metered area A. The estimated value of the posterior distribution, i.e., the minimum night flow, was determined by using the Bayesian inference by changing the survey rate of water meters. From the results, the survey rate for maximizing the survey efficiency was calculated. The most effective survey rate was 58% for household water meters and 78% for non-household water meters.
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