The sequence in the first hypervariable segment (HVS-I) of the control region has been used as a source of evolutionary information in most phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA. Population genetic inference would benefit from a better understanding of the variation in the mtDNA coding region, but, thus far, complete mtDNA sequences have been rare. We determined the nucleotide sequence in the coding region of mtDNA from 121 Finns, by conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis and subsequent sequencing and by direct sequencing of the D loop. Furthermore, 71 sequences from our previous reports were included, so that the samples represented all the mtDNA haplogroups present in the Finnish population. We found a total of 297 variable sites in the coding region, which allowed the compilation of unambiguous phylogenetic networks. The D loop harbored 104 variable sites, and, in most cases, these could be localized within the coding-region networks, without discrepancies. Interestingly, many homoplasies were detected in the coding region. Nucleotide variation in the rRNA and tRNA genes was 6%, and that in the third nucleotide positions of structural genes amounted to 22% of that in the HVS-I. The complete networks enabled the relationships between the mtDNA haplogroups to be analyzed. Phylogenetic networks based on the entire coding-region sequence in mtDNA provide a rich source for further population genetic studies, and complete sequences make it easier to differentiate between disease-causing mutations and rare polymorphisms.

No abstract

No abstract

Purpose – This paper focuses on employees’ motivation to participate in innovation at the workplace. The best arguments to persuade employees to renew their work were searched. According to the expectancy theory (Vroom, 1964), a plausible link must be perceived for a motivational state to arise. The paper investigated the perceptions that employees, team-leaders and directors have about the relationships between innovativeness and well-being. Design/methodology/approach – The data consisted of thematic interviews with 14 persons from knowledge- and labour-intensive organisations in the public service sector. Data included material from directors, team-leaders and front-line workers. The theoretical model of Huhtala and Parzefall (2007) was applied to analyse perceptions about links between well-being and innovativeness. Findings – Results indicated that all eight possible links between well-being and innovativeness were perceived as plausible. The most common views were that high innovativeness connects to high well-being and vice versa. Additionally, low well-being was seen to decrease innovativeness. All organisational levels of knowledge- and labour-intensive organisations shared these views. More specifically, the interviewees shared the view that participating in innovation activities gives the employee opportunities to influence one’s work, which in turn leads to well-being. Another commonly shared perception was that if employees were encouraged and praised for their efforts, innovativeness would increase. These provide plausible arguments for leaders to persuade employees to participate. Practical implications – Practical advice about effective arguments for motivating employees is given: tell them that innovativeness is desired for, time and space is allocated for innovations, the amount of change will be managed, and the innovation activities present an opportunity to have voice. Originality/value – This paper shows potential motivational trigger points for enhancing the interaction between well-being and innovation.

Several point mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been shown to cause sensorineural hearing impairment (SNHI), but the frequency of these mutations among patients is not known. We identified 117 patients with possible matrilineal SNHI from population-based registers and found the 3243A > G mutation to be present in 4.3% and 1555A > G in 2.6%, while 7445T > C, 7472insC and 8344A > G were absent. Patients with 3243A > G and 1555A > G were clinically distinct. The prevalence of 1555A > G in the general adult population was estimated to be at least 4.7/100000, but these and previous data suggest that the figure may vary between populations. Screening for mtDNA mutations is worthwhile in connection with the diagnosis of SNHI.

Even though transformative agency is widely discussed in organization studies, recent conceptualizations provide little information about the dynamics through which transformative agency emerges at the individual and collective levels, or how these levels influence one another in a particular context. We employ critical realist theories to explore transformative agency in different types of temporary service development groups in This is the post print/pre print version of the article, which has been published in

This study explores how individuals' cognitive and affective country images influence destination beliefs, and how these beliefs are associated with individuals' travel intentions. With the product country image and tourism destination image literature, we develop four hypotheses that are tested using structural equation modeling. We use a sample of 605 Japanese respondents. Our results indicate that the cognitive country image is positively associated with the affective country image. The findings suggest that both the affective and cognitive country images are positively related to the destination beliefs, and the destination beliefs are positively associated with the travel intentions.

Analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences have revealed non-neutral patterns, suggesting that many amino acid mutations in animal mtDNA may be mildly deleterious, but this has not been verified in human clinical series. Since sensorineural hearing impairment (SNHI) is a common manifestation in many of the syndromes caused by mutations in mtDNA, this may be regarded as the phenotype of choice in attempts to detect mutations that may have a mildly deleterious effect on mitochondrial function. We selected 32 subjects from among 117 unrelated SNHI patients with SNHI in maternal relatives by means of family history, determined the entire coding region sequence of mtDNA and compared the sequence variation with that in 32 haplogroup-matched controls taken at random from 192 Finnish sequences. The 32 control sequences differed from the remaining 160 sequences by 36+/-9 substitutions (mean +/- SD), while the difference for the 32 patients was 58+/-4 substitutions ( P=0.005 for difference; Wilcoxon signed rank test). Differences were also found in the number of new haplotypes and new non-synonymous mutations or mutations in tRNA or rRNA genes. A total of 12 rare mtDNA variants were detected in the patients, and only 3 of these were considered to be neutral in effect. It is proposed that increased sequence variation in mtDNA may be a genetic risk factor for SNHI, and the increased frequency of rare haplotypes in these patients points to the presence of mildly deleterious mutations in mtDNA.