BackgroundThe major types of commercially available gelatin hydrolysates are prepared from mammals or fish. Dietary gelatin hydrolysates from mammals were reported to improve bone mineral density (BMD) in some animal models. In contrast, there is limited study showing the effects of dietary gelatin hydrolysates from fish on BMD. The quantity and structure of peptides in the plasma after oral administration of gelatin hydrolysates depend on the gelatin source, which suggests that the biological activity of gelatin hydrolysates depend on the gelatin source. This study examined the effects of fish-derived gelatin hydrolysate (FGH) or porcine-derived gelatin hydrolysate (PGH) intake on BMD and intrinsic biomechanical properties in magnesium (Mg)-deficient rats as a model showing the decrease in both BMD and intrinsic biomechanical properties.MethodsFour-week-old male Wistar rats were assigned into four groups: a normal group was fed a normal diet (48 mg Mg/100 g diet), a Mg-deficient (MgD) group was fed a MgD diet (7 mg Mg/100 g diet), a FGH group was fed a MgD + FGH diet (5% FGH), and a PGH group was fed a MgD + PGH diet (5% PGH) for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, BMD and intrinsic biomechanical properties of the femur were measured.ResultsThe MgD group showed significantly lower Young’s modulus, an intrinsic biomechanical property, and trabecular BMD of the femur than the normal group; however, the MgD diet did not affect cortical BMD and cortical thickness. Both the FGH and the PGH groups showed significantly higher cortical thickness and ultimate displacement of the femur than the normal group, but neither type of gelatin hydrolysate affected Young’s modulus. Furthermore, the FGH group, but not the PGH group, showed significantly higher trabecular BMD than the MgD group.ConclusionsThis study indicates that FGH and PGH increase cortical thickness but only FGH prevents the decrease in trabecular BMD seen in Mg-deficient rats, while neither type of gelatin hydrolysate affect intrinsic biomechanical properties.
Excessive phosphorus intake adversely affects bone and mineral metabolism. Estrogen is one of the factors affecting fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a phosphorus-regulating hormone. However, the interaction between excess phosphorus and estrogen status has not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the involvement of estrogen in the effects of high phosphorus intake on bone metabolism and ectopic calcification in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The interaction between high phosphorus diet and OVX was not observed in bone mineral density and aortic calcium. In contrast, high phosphorus intake markedly increased renal calcium concentration in sham rats, whereas the effect was attenuated in OVX rats, which was reversed by a selective estrogen-receptor modulator treatment. A strong positive correlation between renal calcium and serum FGF23 was observed. In addition, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1: a predominant receptor of FGF23) inhibitor treatment partially decreased renal calcium concentrations in rats with high phosphorus intake. In conclusion, the effect of high phosphorus intake on bone metabolism and aortic calcification did not depend on the estrogen status; in contrast, high phosphorus intake synergistically induced nephrocalcinosis in the presence of estrogenic action on the bone. Furthermore, FGF23 was involved in the nephrocalcinosis induced by high phosphorus intake partially through FGFR1 signaling. Phosphorus is one of the nutrients that are more likely to be consumed excessively. According to the NHANES 2005-2006, the mean daily phosphorus intake exceeds the recommended dietary allowance for most age groups 1. Although the phosphorus content of Western diet is increasing because of the increasing use of phosphorus-containing food additives and increasing consumption of processed foods and soft drinks containing these additives 2 , nutrient composition tables do not usually include phosphorus from food additives 3. Therefore, dietary phosphorus intake may have been underestimated 1. Many researchers have reported the adverse effects of excess phosphorus intake. High phosphorus (HP) intake reduces bone mineral density (BMD) in rats 4-6 and adversely affects bone metabolism in humans 7. HP intake induces arterial medial calcification in animal models of chronic kidney disease (CKD) 8,9 and impairs endothelial function in humans 10. An HP diet increases renal calcium concentration and induces high incidence of nephrocalcinosis in rats 11,12. In a prospective cohort of US healthy adults, HP intake is associated with increased mortality 13. Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is an important regulator of phosphorus homeostasis by inhibiting renal phosphorus reabsorption and decreasing intestinal phosphorus absorption through inhibiting 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH) 2 D] synthesis. Some factors affect FGF23, and one of which is estrogen. An in vitro study reported that estrogen increased mRNA expression and protein levels of FGF23 in osteoblast-like cells 14. Ovariectomy (OVX) decrease...
Background: The effects of different intake patterns of meal protein on muscle mass have not been clarified. We cross-sectionally and longitudinally examined the effect of different timing of protein intake on sarcopenia-related factors in older adults.Methods: This cross-sectional study 1 included 219 (male, n = 69, female, n = 150) elderly subjects aged ≥65 years. Subjects who consumed more protein at breakfast than at dinner were grouped into the morning group (MG, n = 76; male, n = 26; female, n = 50), and those who consumed more protein at dinner than at breakfast were grouped into the evening group (EG, n = 143; male, n = 43; female, n = 100). In cross-sectional study 2-1 (female, n = 125), the subjects were classified into four groups according to the number of meals with sufficient protein intake. In cross-sectional studies 2-2 (female, n = 125) and 2-3 (female, n = 27), the subjects were classified into eight groups and three groups according to whether they had consumed sufficient protein at three meals; sarcopenia-related factors were compared. The intervention study was a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized controlled trial that included 40 elderly women with low daily breakfast protein intake. The subjects were divided into four groups: morning protein and placebo intake groups and evening protein and placebo intake groups. Each group consumed the test food (containing 10 g milk protein) or placebo in the morning or evening for 12 weeks. Blood indices and physical function were assessed before and after the intervention.Results: Comparing all subjects, MG showed significantly higher handgrip strength than did EG (P < 0.05). The higher ratio of morning protein intake relative to the total protein intake, the better the muscle mass (r = 0.452, P < 0.05) and handgrip strength (r = 0.383, P < 0.05). The intervention study showed an increase in muscle mass with the intake of milk protein in the morning rather than in the evening (P < 0.05).Conclusions: Protein intake at breakfast might have relatively stronger effects on skeletal muscle mass than at lunch and dinner.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of proton pump inhibitor (PPI), the most potent acid-suppressing drug, administration and intake of a combination of yogurt and galactooligosaccharides (YG) on bone and mineral metabolism in adult rats. Twelve-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: a control group fed the control diet with vehicle administration, a PPI group fed the control diet with PPI administration and a YG + PPI group fed the YG diet with PPI administration. All of the groups received their respective experimental diets and daily subcutaneous injection of the vehicle or PPI for 12 weeks. The PPI group showed significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur and the lumbar vertebrae and serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and significantly higher phosphorus absorption and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) than the control group, although PPI did not affect calcium absorption. The PPI + YG group showed significantly higher BMD and serum FGF23 and significantly lower phosphorus absorption and serum 1,25(OH)2D than the PPI group. Furthermore, the PPI + YG group showed higher calcium absorption than the control group. These results suggest that although PPI administration did not affect calcium absorption, it adversely affected BMD and influenced phosphorus metabolism in adult rats. Furthermore, the YG diet beneficially affected BMD and attenuated the effects of PPI administration on phosphorus metabolism.
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