We demonstrated dynamical observation of an individual nanocrystal in supercooled liquid water with the guidance of x-ray diffracted spots from the nanocrystal itself. This new system, which we call diffracted x-ray tracking, monitored small Brownian motions (D=0.68 mrad(2)/s at 233 K) of a single nanoparticle in real time and real space.
We have measured the kinetic energies of fragment ions from Ar clusters (average cluster size ⟨N⟩∼ 10–600) exposed to intense extreme ultraviolet free electron laser pulses (λ ∼ 61 nm, I∼ 1.3× 1011 W cm−2). For small clusters (⟨N⟩≲ 200), the average kinetic energy of ions strongly increases with increasing the cluster size, indicating a promotion of the multiple ionization, whereas the average kinetic energy is observed to be saturated for ⟨N⟩≳ 200. Considering how many photoelectrons can escape from the cluster, it was found that the size dependence of the ion kinetic energy exhibited the frustration of direct photoionization, which resulted from the strong Coulomb potential of the highly ionized cluster.
We have investigated multiple ionization of Xe clusters by 61-nm 1011–1012 W/cm2 extreme-ultraviolet light pulses at the free-electron laser facility, SPring-8 Compact SASE Source test accelerator, in Japan, using a dead-time-free three-dimensional momentum spectrometer. It was found that the average kinetic energy of atomic Xe+ ions increases when increasing the laser power density and the cluster size. For these experimental conditions significant frustration of the cluster photoionization occurs but no indication for heating mechanisms other than sequential photoabsorption by individual atoms in the cluster was found
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