Selenium deficiency in various degrees affects around 15% of the world's population, contributing to a variety of health problems. In this study, we examined the accumulation and biotransformation of soil applied Se-supplementation (sodium selenite and sodium selenate forms) at different concentrations, along with growth and yield formation of green pea, in a greenhouse experiment. Biotransformation of inorganic Se was evaluated using HPLC-ICP-MS for Se-species separation in the above ground parts of green pea. Results showed 3 mg kg Se increased green pea growth biomarkers and also caused an increase in protein content in leaves by 17%. Selenomethionine represented 65% of the total selenium content in shoots, but was lower in pods and seeds (54 and 38%, respectively). Selenomethionine was the major species in all plant parts and the only organic selenium form in the lower Se concentration range. Elevating the dose of Se (≥30 mg kg) triggered detrimental effects on growth and protein content and caused higher accumulation of inorganic Se in forms of Se and Se. Selenocysteine, another organic form of proteinogenic amino acid, was determined when Se (≥10 mg kg) was applied in higher concentrations. Thus, agronomic biofortification using the appropriate chemical form and concentration of Se will have positive effects on green pea growth and its enriched shoots and seeds provide a value-added protein source for livestock and humans with significant increased selenomethionine.
Effects of zinc on growth, cell morphology, oxidative stress responses and zinc removal activity of two common phytoplankton species, Monoraphidium pusillum (Printz) Komárková-Legnerová and Monoraphidium griffithii (Berkeley) Komárková-Legnerová were investigated at a concentration range of 0.2-160 mg l -1 zinc. Cell densities and chlorophyll content decreased compared with controls in cultures of both species, effective concentrations causing 50 % growth inhibition within 72 h on the basis of cell numbers were 33.69 and 25.63 mg l -1 zinc for M. pusillum and M. griffithii, respectively. Changes in cell morphology and elevated lipid peroxidation levels appeared in zinc-treated cultures of both species, but only at higher ([10 mg l -1 ) zinc concentrations. The most effective zinc removal appeared at 20 and 10 mg l -1 zinc concentration for M. pusillum and M. griffithii, respectively. Removed zinc is mainly bound on the cell surface in the case of both species. This study provides new data for the zinc tolerance and zinc removal ability of the green algae M. pusillum and M. griffithii and shows that green algal species common in surface waters could have zinc tolerance and zinc-binding abilities, which makes them feasible in treatment of waters contaminated with 10-20 mg l -1 zinc.
Effects of zinc on growth, cell morphology, oxidative stress, and zinc removal ability of the common phytoplankton species Desmodesmus communis were investigated at a concentration range of 0.25-160 mg L(-1) zinc. Cell densities and chlorophyll content decreased in treated cultures, changes in coenobia morphology and elevated lipid peroxidation levels appeared above 2.5 mg L(-1) zinc. The most effective zinc removal was observed at 5 mg L(-1) zinc concentration, while maximal amount of removed zinc appeared in 15 mg L(-1) zinc treated culture. Removed zinc is mainly bound on the cell surface. Dead biomass adsorbed more zinc than living biomass relative to unit of dry mass, but living biomass was more effective, relative to initial zinc content. This study comprehensively examines the zinc tolerance and removal ability of D. communis and demonstrates, in comparison with published literature, that these characteristics of different isolates of the same species can vary within a wide range.
Mentha longifolia (L.) L.) is a less studied species from the viewpoint of its nonvolatile constituents and this work is the first phytochemical screening of it in Hungary. The aim of the experiments is to elaborate an efficient extraction method of its polyphenolic antioxidants. Thirty-six accessions were sampled. Soxhlet and an ultrasonic extraction were applied, both with methanol (MeOH) and ethanol:water 7:3 (WA). The analysis of the extracts was carried out by HPLC-DAD method. Rosmarinic acid, hesperidin, diosmin and cynaroside were observed to be common constituents of all samples. Other major constituents were observed in all of the chromatograms at ca. tR=13.5 min. and tR=19.7 min (unknown A and B). Their identification needs further examination. Regarding antioxidant activity, WA extraction was more efficient than MeOH Soxhlet extraction.
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