The design and development of ceramic structures based on 3D scaffolding as dental bone substitutes has become a topic of great interest in the regenerative dentistry research area. In this regard, the present study focuses on the development of two scaffold-type structures obtained from different commercial dental ceramics by employing the foam replication method. At the same time, the study underlines the physicochemical features and the biological profiles of the newly developed scaffolds, compared to two traditional Cerabone® materials used for bone augmentation, by employing both the in vitro Alamar blue proliferation test at 24, 48 and 96 h poststimulation and the in ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The data reveal that the newly developed scaffolds express comparable results with the traditional Cerabone® augmentation masses. In terms of network porosity, the scaffolds show higher pore interconnectivity compared to Cerabone® granules, whereas regarding the biosafety profile, all ceramic samples manifest good biocompatibility on primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs); however only the Cerabone® samples induced proliferation of HGF cells following exposure to concentrations of 5 and 10 µg/mL. Additionally, none of the test samples induce irritative activity on the vascular developing plexus. Thus, based on the current results, the preliminary biosecurity profile of ceramic scaffolds supports the usefulness for further testing of high relevance for their possible clinical dental applications.
Bone scaffolds must fulfil numerous and sometimes contradictory characteristics: biocompatibility, bioactivity, high porosity, and appropriate mechanical strength. To tackle some of these issues, this study has several aims for the development of such scaffolds for dentistry applications: (i) to utilize appropriate materials (ceramics and sponges) and to introduce a novel, potentially performant ceramic material; (ii) to characterize the obtained scaffolds by using a range of methods; (iii) to compare and to correlate the assessment results with the scope to validate them reciprocally. There are two commercially available dental ceramics (i.e., Ceramco iC Natural Enamel (E) and Ceramco iC Natural Dentine (D), (DeguDent GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Deutschland)) that are considered, as well as a new-developed porcelain (ceramic C). To obtain porous structures of scaffolds, each ceramic is introduced in two different sponges: a denser one, green (G) and a less dense one, blue (B). A total of 60 samples are manufactured and divided in six study groups, obtained by combining the above materials: GE, BE, GD, BD, GC, and BC (where the first letter represents the sponge type and the second one the utilized ceramic). Several methods are applied to characterize their chemical composition, as well as their macro- and micro-porosity: X-ray Diffraction (XRD), apparent porosity measurements, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and confocal microscopy (CM). The latter two methods image the inner (porous) and the outer/cortical (denser) areas of the samples. The results show a good porosity (i.e., dimensions and uniformity of pores) of around 65% for the final group BC, with satisfactory values of around 51% for BD and GC. A certain correlation is made between SEM, CM, and the apparent porosity results. The biocompatibility of the new ceramic C is demonstrated. Finally, a necessary trade-off is made with the mechanical strength of the obtained scaffolds, which was also evaluated. From this point of view, Group BD has the highest compressive strength of around 4 MPa, while Group BC comes second, with around 2 MPa. This trade-off between porosity and mechanical strength suggests a choice between Groups BC and BD, which are the best with regard to the porosity and mechanical strength criterium, respectively.
There is a growing trend with respect to the use of ceramic materials in dental practice. With an increase in the number of cases of head and neck cancer, the use of dental implants in these patients is subject to controversy. Consequently, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the impact of two ceramic materials on the viability, proliferation, migration, and structure of the cytoskeleton and nuclei of pharyngeal cancer cells. Therefore, samples of the two ceramic were immersed in artificial saliva with three different pH values in order to better simulate the natural biological environment. A 21-day immersion period was followed by testing of the saliva on pharyngeal cancer cell line Detroit-562 for its viability, morphology, and migration, as well as its effects on the nucleus and cytoskeleton. The results of the study after stimulation of Detroit-562 cells for 72 h with the three types of artificial saliva in which the ceramic materials were immersed indicated the following: (i) viability of cells did not change significantly, with the percentage of viable cells not falling below 90%; (ii) no morphological changes were recorded, with the shape and number of cells being similar to that of the control cells; (iii) the scratch assay method indicated that the two types of ceramics do not stimulate cell migration; and (iv) fluorescence immunocytochemistry revealed that both the nucleus and the cytoskeleton distributions were unaltered, as they were observed in unstimulated cells. The preliminary results of the study indicate that the investigated ceramic materials did not interact unfavorably with tumor cells when immersed in artificial saliva, thereby supporting the possibility of their safe use in cancer patients.
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