The phenomenon of defensive medicine existed for decades in the United States but in Romania emerged lately following malpractice litigation and mass media aggression. Defensive medicine develops when doctors prescribe tests or procedures and avoid to treat high-risk patients or to perform certain high-risk procedures in order to reduce the risk of medical liability. This essay discusses the basis and principles of defensive medicine, analyses its causes and effects and debates the major problems affectingRomanian healthcare system, notably cross-border medical assistance. Finally, the authors examine alternatives to prevent defensive medicine practices with emphasis on cardiovascular surgery. Among physicians, some degree of defensive medicine will always exist, as long as malpractice risks shadow the doctors' every footstep.
For each individual, as well as for the entire community, health is one of the most important factors that ensure life and activity. Health care is not only a problem of healthcare but also a problem of a profound social nature, making it an integral part of all the social and economic development conditions. The right to health is conditioned by the health system and the socioeconomic factors, which are reflected in the health of the population. The way in which this system is organized is a determinant of the individual's and community's health, putting their mark on the whole of their lives. Human health seen in the concept of public health is based on the individual's health as a component of the health of the population. Areas of approaches are diverse and start from existing health problems such as the state of the environment, socioeconomic development or political governance. To ensure health protection, the governments of the world tend to include health in development programs through public policy. This article aims to bring to the attention of readers the importance of social and economic development and the importance of public health policies in this respect. Also, the inequalities existing in Romania regarding access to health services are an area of general interest, as it affects society as a whole.
Financing the healthcare sector, which directly affects the health of the population, has become a topic of major importance at a global level because even developed countries face difficulties in sustaining the financial sustainability of these services. In most countries, such as the Netherlands, Croatia, France, Slovakia, Romania, etc., the financing of health care through health insurance is the basis for its financing. This article proposes an analysis of the financing of the health sector through health insurance in order to emphasize the need to increase the percentage of GDP in this sector for comprehensive coverage of the population with health services and to improve access to health care. In this respect, Romania is being analyzed in the context of the EU, because a comparative criterion is needed to form an overview of the way and level of financing of health services in Romania. The objective of this article is to highlight the impact of health sector financing on the access of the population to health care and the financing of health insurance as a percentage of the total expenditures of this sector. The motivation for approaching the theme comes from the fact that the health care activity has an important influence on the development of the national economy because, at the macroeconomic level, the health condition contributes to the labor force and to the general well-being. Making a radiograph of the health insurance system in Romania is necessary and timely at the same time as it is a topical issue because the health condition has profound implications on social-economic life.
The concept of health in all policies (HiAP) has emerged as a mechanism to promote actions on the social determinants of health, with an emphasis on oppressors in which health is not a priority. Health in all policies is important for prevention, for promoting a healthy lifestyle, as well as for improving the factors that harm the health of the population as a whole. This article aims to talk about the significance of health in all policies; It begins by giving a general description of HiAP, by addressing issues such as the importance of health in all policies, stages, and conditions of applying HiAP at the level of public policy, but also prospects for introducing HiAP in Romania. Health in all policies (HiAP) was legally legitimized as a European Union (EU) approach in 2006 and resulted from long-term efforts to improve actions on the need for health involvement in policies, stemming from the recognition that policies affect health care systems and the scope of national health regulations. However, HiAP implementation remained a challenge. HiAP is a more complex approach compared to health impact assessment, and at the European level, it needs to take into account the importance of developing European policies with implications in the health field, as well as the extension to transparency, accountability, and scope for health policy arguments in political decision making.
Public health is a scientific domain with significant population impact. Any irregularities or discrepancies affect all patients that depend on its normal function, therefore explaining the reason why public attention is always vastly invested in it. With a balanced health status in the population as primary goal, the domain of public health with its adopted policies stands at the frontlines. Public Health Policies can be resumed to three main aspects, based on the health system performance concept developed by the World Health Organization: population health status, citizen satisfaction with healthcare and the extent to which the system provides financial protection. Nowadays, with cardiovascular disease becoming the leading cause of death worldwide, the field of cardiovascular public health has gained significant general interest. The present article aims to address the importance of health policies from a determinants’ perspective while taking into consideration the influence of population illness on health policy development.
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