Case description: 32-month-old boy, IgG positive for SARS-CoV-2, presented to the emergency department with dermatologic lesions. Clinical findings: Four days before admission, he presented skin eruptions with redness and pruritus on hands and feet. Generalized papular erythema was evidenced, upper extremities with diffuse erythematosquamous plaques, palmoplantar keratoderma, so he was evaluated by a dermatologist who diagnosed pityriasis rubra pilaris. Treatment and outcome: rehydrating cream, cetirizine 0.5 mg/kg/day every two days, and prednisolone 2 mg/kg/day in the morning. He was discharged after 14 days, the patient presented clinical improvement, but the erythematous lesion persisted on the trunk and extremities. In the evaluation, after three months, the patient did not show the described lesions, evidencing an improvement and clinical resolution of the dermatological problems. Clinical relevance: We report a patient with pityriasis rubra piloris associated with a post-infection by SARS-CoV-2 that had not been described before.

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Background Point prevalence surveys (PPSs) on antibiotic use are useful for understanding different aspects related to prescription patterns in hospitals. Methods An adaptation of the WHO methodology for a PPS on antibiotic use was applied. Hospital wards were divided into medical (MED), surgical (SUR), ICUs, gynaecology and obstetrics (GO), high-risk (HR) and mixed wards (MIX). A web application (RedCap©) through a mobile device was used for data collection. Results Between December 2018 and August 2019, 5444 patients in 33 hospitals in five countries were included (10 hospitals in Cuba, 7 in Paraguay, 6 in El Salvador, 5 in Mexico and 5 in Peru). Of these patients, 54.6% received at least one antibiotic, with variations between and within hospitals and countries. Antibiotics were more frequently used in ICUs (67.2%), SUR (64.5%) and MED wards (54.2%), with 51.2% of antibiotics prescribed for community-acquired infections (CAIs), 22.9% for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), 11.1% for surgical prophylaxis and 6.1% for unknown reasons. Adherence to guidelines was observed in 68.6% of cases (72.8% for CAIs, 72.4% for HAIs and 44.3% for prophylaxis). Third-generation cephalosporins were the class of antibiotics most frequently used (26.8%), followed by carbapenems (10.3%) and fluoroquinolones (8%). Targeted treatments were achieved in 17.3% of cases. Conclusions Antibiotic use was generally higher than that published in other studies. There is an urgent need to promote and strengthen the antimicrobial stewardship programmes in Latin America.

Fiebre amarilla (FA) y leptospirosis son zoonosis endémicas subdiagnosticadas de las regiones tropicales de África y Sudamérica. Ambas, pueden ser clínicamente indistinguibles y presentarse como síndrome febril icterohemorrágico agudo. Reportamos el caso de un varón de 20 años, procedente del departamento de Amazonas que se presentó con nueve días de enfermedad caracterizada por falla multiorgánica (compromiso neurológico, renal, hepático, respiratorio, y hematológico). Recibió tratamiento antibiótico, soporte transfusional, dialítico, hemodinámico, y ventilatorio; y a pesar de la gravedad del cuadro clínico, evolucionó favorablemente. Se confirmó FA por Rt-PCR y se obtuvo serología positiva para leptospira por ELISA y microaglutinación. Sin embargo, no se pudo demostrar, desde el punto de vista laboratorial, coinfección real por FA y leptospira. Este caso de FA severa con desenlace no fatal enfatiza la importancia del diagnóstico sindrómico adecuado, y un tratamiento de soporte precoz y agresivo que puede salvar la vida del paciente.