The aim of this study was to analyse the pacing strategies adopted by elite male and female marathon runners when setting every world record since 1998. For data analysis, the total distance of the marathon was divided into eight sections of 5 km and a final section of 2.195 km, and the relative average speed of each section was calculated individually. Female athletes maintained similar speeds in the first and second half of the marathon (ES = 0.22, small effect, p = 0.705), whereas male athletes increased their speed as the marathon progressed (ES = 1.18, moderate effect, p = 0.011). However, no differences were observed between men and women in either the first (ES = 0.56, small effect, p = 0.290), or in the second half of the marathon (ES = 0.60, moderate effect, p = 0.266). When comparing the women's world records (1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003) vs. men's records (1998-2018) by sections, we observed differences at the beginning of the race (second section, ES = 0.89, moderate effect) and at the end (last section, ES = 0.87, moderate effect). The pace variations during the race were similar between male athletes and that of women with male pacemakers (1.53% ± 0.60 vs. 1.68% ± 0.84, respectively). However, a trend towards higher pace variations during the race in the female records with female pacemakers was observed (2.28% ± 0.95). This study shows how male and female marathon records in the last 20 years have been set using different pacing strategies. While men used a negative strategy (faster finishing), women used a less uniform pacing strategy.
The main goal of this study was to analyse the pacing strategies displayed by the winners of the six World Marathon Majors in order to determine which race offers the greatest potential for future world record attempts. For data analysis, the total distance of the marathon was divided into eight sections of 5 km and a final section of 2.195 km, and time needed to complete each section was calculated in seconds. When we analyzed the mean winning time in the last 13 editions of each of the World Marathon Majors, we observed differences between New York and London (ES = 1.46, moderate effect, p = 0.0030), New York and Berlin (ES = 0.95, small effect, p = 0.0001), London and Boston (ES = 0.08, small effect, p = 0.0001), Boston and Berlin (ES = 0.10, small effect, p = 0.0001), Boston and Chicago (ES = 0.16, small effect, p = 0.0361), Berlin and Tokyo (ES = 0.20, small effect, p = 0.0034), Berlin and Chicago (ES = 0.27, small effect, p = 0.0162). This study shows that Berlin and London are likely candidates for future world record attempts, whilst such a performance is unlikely in New York or Boston.
Tradicionalmente, la intervención de la medicina veterinaria en la salud pública se ha limitado al caso de las enfermedades transmisibles al hombre a partir de los alimentos de origen animal, es decir, a la higiene alimentaria. Sin embargo, a lo largo de los últimos decenios, algunos acontecimientos a nivel mundial han puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de que la medicina veterinaria se implique más directamente en la salud pública. Tal es el caso cuando se producen epidemias de origen desconocido, enfermedades de tipo zoonótico u otras enfermedades que afectan directamente a la producción de proteína de origen animal.En los países de América Latina, las enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos, en especial los de venta callejera, representan un riesgo para la salud del consumidor. Las repercusiones económicas de esas enfermedades se deben a las pérdidas de mercado como consecuencia de una mala gestión sanitaria de los cauces de comercialización de los productos de origen animal, o a la desconfianza del consumidor hacia las nuevas técnicas de producción de alimentos que se basan en la biotecnología (organismos modificados genéticamente). Muchos otros factores también repercuten en la salud pública: la pobreza y la violencia que dan pie a la migración de la población rural a la ciudad, con las consiguientes malas condiciones de saneamiento ambiental que predisponen a enfermedades, así como a altas tasas de desnutrición infantil; la aplicación de sustancias químicas, tales como los plaguicidas, que están presentes en productos vegetales o subproductos animales de consumo; los desastres naturales que afectan a la interacción entre el animal y el hombre (directamente o por medio de la alteración del ecosistema); los problemas de salud y bienestar animal ligados a la tenencia de animales de compañía (bien sea por el abandono o maltrato de los mismos o por la falta de responsabilidad de los propietarios en el caso de las mal llamadas "razas peligrosas"), o las armas biológicas.Por todo ello, desde mediados del siglo XX comienza un proceso orientado a fortalecer las actividades de salud pública y a establecer nuevas escuelas en las que el veterinario parece tener algo que aportar. Esto ha llevado en los últimos años a la organización
Distribution of Foot Pressure reflects the deformations of body biomechanical design. They are caused by different reasons: degenerative, by trauma, etc., being flat foots a common pathology in Peru with high incidence. However there isn't the properly technology to detect properly this disease because is detected by a non-reliable visual way using pedoscopes. Flat foot is the degree of internal plantar arch lack and is well observed in foot pressure distribution. This distribution can be obtained by optical or electronic systems. The most required, by their accuracy, are the electronic ones but sensor manufacturing process increases its price, meanwhile optics provides an indirect optical solution whose price depends on scanners resolution. Therefore, this paper takes advantage of both systems: a direct pressure value from electronics and no problems calibration from optical systems. In regard of these reasons, prototype will use a webcam and twelve FSR (Force sensing resistor) sensors including estimation techniques, and thus obtain the foot pressure distribution. Accordingly, the present study is looking for providing to the specialist with an efficient tool to generate better diagnostics in Perú.
Este artículo ofrece una versión sintetizada de la introducción al libro Desarrollo e igualdad: el pensamiento de la CEPAL en su séptimo decenio. Textos seleccionados del periodo 2008-2018, publicado con motivo de la conmemoración de los 70 años de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) en 2018 (Bárcena, Bielschowsky y Torres, 2018). La presente versión captura del texto original esencialmente dos elementos con que la CEPAL expuso, con centralidad en igualdad y justicia social, sus mensajes de transformación estructural con sostenibilidad ambiental: 1) la continuidad en la orientación neoestructuralista, y 2) un conjunto de nuevas formulaciones conceptuales.
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