Among the many potential applications of graphene and graphene-based materials, their use as protective films or as additives in coatings for corrosion protection has seen an increased level of interest in the last decade. Much of this interest is motivated by the need to implement additional functionalities, to enhance anti-corrosion performance and to ultimately extend the service life of metallic structures. Pristine graphene films, with their impermeable nature allied to flexibility and mechanical strength, appear as particularly attractive candidates for barrier films against corrosive agents, while graphene-based materials such as graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide offer a wide range of opportunities for their dispersion in polymeric matrices for composite anti-corrosive coatings. Simultaneously, considerable progress in the development of scalable graphene and graphene-based materials production techniques has been made during the last several years. Currently, a broad range of graphene materials with different morphologies and properties is available, making the need for an adequate fit between the production method and the desired application even more evident. This review article aims to give the reader a general overview of the recent trends in both the production of graphene and graphene-based materials, and their implementation in different anti-corrosion solutions. Moreover, the present work provides a critical look on this subject, highlighting the areas in need of further exploration.

Quality of National Institutions and "Objective 1" Status

No abstract

Income Convergence, The Portuguese Economy, Unit Root test, C32, O40,

We extend the Thomas (1985) dynamic optimizing model of money demand and currency substitution to the case in which the individual has restricted or no access to foreign currency denominated bonds. In this case currency substitution decisions and asset substitution decisions are not separable. The results obtained suggest that the significance of an expected exchange rate depreciation term in the demand for domestic money provides a valid test for the presence of currency substitution. Applying this approach to six LatinAmerican countries, we find evidence of currency substitution in Colombia, Dominican Republic, and Venezuela, but not in Brazil and Chile. JEL classification: E41, F41, G11Substitution de devises, diversification de portefeuilles, et demande de monnaie. Les auteurs prolongent le modèle d'optimisation dynamique de demande de monnaie et de substitution de devises de Thomas (1985) au cas où l'individu a un accès restreint ou nul aux débentures en devisesétrangères. Dans ce cas, les décisions de substitution de devises et de substitution d'actifs ne sont pas séparables. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la nature significative d'une variable enregistrant une dépréciation anticipée du taux de change dans l'équation de la demande de monnaie nationale fournit un test valide de la présence de substitution de devises. En appliquant cette approcheà six pays d'Amérique latine, on découvre qu'il y aévidence de substitution de devises en Colombie, en République dominicaine, et au Vénézuéla, mais pas au Brésil et au Chili.