Thirty years after its publication, Eugen Weber's Peasants into Frenchmen still occupies a central place in European historiography on identity construction and the nationalization of the masses. This article reviews a number of studies that have been critical of Weber's theoretical and methodological design, and contrasts his approach with research in various European countries. Finally, it underscores the importance of comparative analysis when examining nationalization processes, and suggests some future lines of research.
ResumenO Partido Galeguista (PG) foi creado en decembro de 1931 como expresión do nacionalismo galego durante a Segunda República (1931)(1932)(1933)(1934)(1935)(1936). Con anterioridade, os nacionalistas galegos foron moi influíntes no eido cultural pero maiormente inoperantes dende o punto de vista político. O PG consideraba a agricultura e o campesiñado como unha prioridade, non só pola súa importancia obxectiva na economía e sociedade galegas dos anos trinta senón tamén porque eran vistos como os baluartes da identidade nacional. De feito, as características, necesidades e vías de desenvolvemento do sector agrario galego eran normalmente definidas en oposición ás do resto de España. É daquela comprensible que o PG tentase gañarse ás sociedades agrarias, e mesmo se pode afirmar que tiña moitos puntos en común cos chamados Partidos Agrarios doutras rexións europeas.
Palabras clavePartido Galeguista, agrarismo, reforma agraria, cooperativismo.
AbstractThe Partido Galeguista (PG) was created in December 1931 as the expression of Galician nationalism during the Second Republic (1931)(1932)(1933)(1934)(1935)(1936). Prior to that, the Galician nationalists had been very influential in the cultural sphere but rather powerless from a political point of view. The PG regarded agriculture and peasantry as a priority, not only because of their objective importance in the Galician economy and society in the 1930s but also because they were seen as the bulwarks of the national identity. In fact, the characteristics, needs and paths of development of the Galician agrarian sector were usually defined as opposed to those of the rest of Spain. It is then understable that the PG tried to win the agrarian unions over, and that it is arguable that it had plenty of common features with the so-called Agrarian Parties in other European regions.
Nunha foto tomada o 25 de xullo de 1931 en Vigo, un home de paxariña aparece entre os Castelao, Paz-Andrade, Suárez Picallo, Alonso Ríos... radiantes na celebración do primeiro Día de Galiza no novo réxime; é o vasco Gallástegui, arropado por varias das principáis figuras do galeguismo conformando unha imaxe certamente cargada de simbolismo, porque o PG (que se constituirá en décembre dése ano) vai intentar «apropiarse» da institución que el preside para dar solidez e empaque científico ás súas propostas en materia agraria^. Entre as carencias da sua primeira etapa en Santiago e a penuria da guerra civil e a postguerra, a Misión Biolóxica vai alcanzar nos anos da República o seu máximo recoñecemento, e a superación da precariedade financeira que a lastraba dende a sua fundación
We discuss the extension of corn and potatoes in Galician Atlantic agriculture during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as an innovation process that facilitated rapid circulation of a new cattle feed from the Americas to Europe. Specifically, we focus on Galicia from 1890 to 1940, a time of significant scientific interest with regard to genetic improvements. This new science made it possible to develop double hybrid corn plants that became widespread after the 1920s. In this article we will describe the conditions accompanying the introduction and spread of these American crops, as recorded by modernist historiography, then analyse the institutional and social framework – knowledge networks, innovation systems and institutional and social tools – that enabled genetic advances in the twentieth century. To accomplish this, we must trace the journey of seeds and knowledge across the Atlantic from places such as the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (1918) to the Galician Biological Mission (1921), among others.
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