Background:The frequency of deficient variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDd) is particularly high in areas where malaria is endemic. The administration of antirelapse drugs, such as primaquine, has the potential to trigger an oxidative event in G6PD-deficient individuals. According to Honduras´ national scheme, malaria treatment requires the administration of chloroquine and primaquine for both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections. The present study aimed at investigating for the first time in Honduras the frequency of the two most common G6PDd variants.Methods: This was a descriptive study utilizing 398 archival DNA samples of patients that had been diagnosed with malaria due to P. vivax, P. falciparum, or both. The most common allelic variants of G6PD: G6PD A+ 376G and G6PD A− 376G/202A were assessed by two molecular methods (PCR-RFLP and a commercial kit). Results:The overall frequency of G6PD deficient genotypes was 16.08%. The frequency of the "African" genotype A− (Class III) was 11.9% (4.1% A− hemizygous males; 1.5% homozygous A− females; and 6.3% heterozygous A− females). A high frequency of G6PDd alleles was observed in samples from malaria patients residing in endemic regions of Northern Honduras. One case of Santamaria mutation (376G/542T) was detected. Conclusions:Compared to other studies in the Americas, as well as to data from predictive models, the present study identified a higher-than expected frequency of genotype A− in Honduras. Considering that the national standard of malaria treatment in the country includes primaquine, further research is necessary to ascertain the risk of PQ-triggered haemolytic reactions in sectors of the population more likely to carry G6PD mutations. Additionally, consideration should be given to utilizing point of care technologies to detect this genetic disorder prior administration of 8-aminoquinoline drugs, either primaquine or any new drug available in the near future.
Radioactive contamination at planet scale started in 1945 when the first nuclear taste was performed in Alamo Gordo, New Mexico, followed by two war actions in Japan, a second test in Bikini, and more than 2000 tests were performed all over the world by different countries since then on. In this context, 10 main accidents in power and research nuclear reactors seem to be negligible in the general radioactive contamination at planet scale, which can be measured by comparing radioactivity of fission product 137 Cs with that of natural 40 K, both detected from marine sediments taken up at different places and depth. This paper shows 9 results obtained from Gulf of Mexico samples and one from Pacific North ocean, confirming the fact that this simple method works well enough to keep watching the process of radioactive contamination on earth, whatever may be the cause, to prove if it remains constant for a time, by equilibrium between contamination and decaying of 137 Cs, it is decreasing at same rate than 137 Cs radioactive decaying, or by the contrary, it is growing up and approaching at some extent the natural radioactivity from 40 K.
When Periodic Chart of elements is consulted to find natural radioisotopes, one firstly finds tritium, followed by 10Be, 14C, 50V and many others. Before Bi, 12 cosmogenic radioisotopes are listed. They are those continuously produced by nuclear reactions among light elements present in earthly atmosphere and radiations coming from the outside space. Eighteen additional primordial radioisotopes are listed. They were created at the same time that the non-radioactive isotopes composing the 92 natural elements in the periodic table. From Bi on, every isotope is radioactive, up to U. Then follow the artificial elements produced by laboratory nuclear reactions from Np to element with atomic number 118. In this way, from 118 known elements, 64 are radioactive, which amount 55% of all those units forming the chemical compounds. Therefore, the complete understanding of radioactivity should be a suitable tool to advance our knowledge of Universe, and consequent applications to get better living conditions. So, this paper deals with radioisotopes as suitable instruments for chemical analysis.
No abstract
Anopheles albitarsis F is a putative species belonging to the Albitarsis Complex, recognized by rDNA, mtDNA, partial white gene, and microsatellites sequences. It has been reported from the island of Trinidad, Venezuela and Colombia, and incriminated as a vector of malaria parasites in the latter. This study examined mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I (MT-CO1) sequences of An. albitarsis F from malaria-endemic areas in Colombia and Venezuela to understand its relations with other members of the Complex, revised and update the geographical distribution and bionomics of An. albitarsis F and explore hypotheses to explain its phylogenetic relationships and geographical expansion. Forty-five MT-CO1 sequences obtained in this study were analyzed to estimate genetic diversity and possible evolutionary relationships. Sequences generated 37 haplotypes clustered in a group where the genetic divergence of Venezuelan populations did not exceed 1.6% with respect to Colombian samples. Anopheles albitarsis F (π = 0.013) represented the most recent cluster located closer to An. albitarsis I (π = 0.009). Barcode gap was detected according to Albitarsis Complex lineages previously reported (threshold 0.014–0.021). Anopheles albitarsis F has a wide distribution in northern South America and might play an important role in the transmission dynamics of malaria due to its high expansion capacity. Future studies are required to establish the southern distribution of An. albitarsis F in Venezuela, and its occurrence in Guyana and Ecuador.
Sediments collected from the North Coast of the Gulf of Mexico got carefully mixed, dried, and finally subjected to physical and chemical analysis. Metal concentration was determined by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). Sequential chemical analysis was performed by modified TESSIER technique. Results and statistical analysis (a = 0.05) show concentrations of most elements (excepting Mn, Ca, Ga, As and Pb) in the range of those of the earth crust's values, which set a sampling zone base line. Sequential extraction shows the potential risk of mobilization of metals sequestered in particulate phases by oxidation of anoxic sediments or intense organic matter degradation.
Humidity coming from underground as well as environment goes into antique raw materials by capilarity, and it is one, if not the most important factor, for damaging the cultural goods all over the world, mainly when those so appreciated monuments are, for example, either cave or mural paintings, not to mention sculptures made out from materials with a certain degree of porosity. This paper describes how to obtain a warm polymer solution, which if it is sprinkled on the surface of treated materials penetrates through them by the same capilarity, origin of its damage, to create a solid barrier against humidity, coming either from underground or environment, and compacting the loose material at same time that it becomes cool and solid. This sort of porosity plug is not at all rigid and it does not form a definite bound between treated and untreated material portions, which creates different adhesive forces and finally treated portions are separated as a whole from untreated ones. This polymer may be easily extracted too from the materials using warm water (60 0 -80 0 C), because it remains soluble at higher temperature, but insoluble in cold water (below 40 0 C). Finally, this paper shows some examples of mexican ancient raw materials quite successfully treated after longer than 7 years by now, and it mentions some evident candidates to be treated among all the cultural treasures found all over the world (1, 2, 3).
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