Experimental investigation of drag reduction in vertical two-phase annular flow is presented. The work is a feasibility test for applying drag reducing additives (DRAs) in high production-rate gas-condensate wells where friction in the production tubing limits the production rate. The DRAs are intended to reduce the overall pressure gradient and thereby increase the production rate. Since such wells typically operate in the annular-entrained flow regime, the gas and liquid velocities were chosen such that the experiments were in a vertical two-phase annular flow. The drag reducers had two main effects on the flow. As expected, they reduced the frictional component of the pressure gradient by up to 74%. However, they also resulted in a significant increase in the liquid holdup by up to 27%. This phenomenon is identified as “DRA-induced flooding.” Since the flow was vertical, the increase in the liquid holdup increased the hydrostatic component of the pressure gradient by up to 25%, offsetting some of reduction in the frictional component of the pressure gradient. The DRA-induced flooding was most pronounced at the lowest gas velocities. However, the results show that in the annular flow the net effect will generally be a reduction in the overall pressure gradient by up to 82%. The findings here help to establish an envelope of operations for the application of multiphase drag reduction in vertical flows and indicate the conditions where a significant net reduction of the pressure gradient may be expected.
Assessment of LES models of confined coaxial swirling jets is the aim of this paper. Despite the simple geometrical set-up of the benchmark, the flow pattern shows complex aerodynamic behavior. The case considers two coaxial jets: one axial and another annular swirling jet. The expansion when entering the chamber will produce the Outer Recirculation Zone (ORZ). If swirl number is large enough, an Inner Recirculation Zone (IRZ) is formed. The region between both recirculation zones with high shear is where mixture occurs. Post-process in space and frequency domain supplies useful information of this benchmark. Kernel cores are identified based on the lambda2 parameter. The mesh must be fine enough to capture the inertial regime of the turbulent energy spectrum. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition let identify main flow structures. To sum up, LES models provide more information than conventional RANS models and it is a step forward in any research team to gain an insight of any transitional or fully turbulent process.
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