One of the most important Mayan cities of the Classic period (A.D. 200-900) of Mesoamerica is Palenque, in Chiapas. The Mayan civilization attributed great importance to greenstone minerals, in particular jadeite. This study covers the analysis of greenstones found in royal tombs of several temples corresponding to the Classic period: the Temple of the Skull, Temple of the Cross and Temples XVIII and XVIII-A. The aim of this research is to determine the use of greenstone minerals and the raw materials' sources as a first step in understanding the development of Palenque and its relationships to other sites in the Maya region. Here, we present a non-destructive in situ study of lithic objects carried out by means of a several spectroscopic techniques, such as Raman, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and color measurements, at the Palenque site museum. FTIR and Raman allowed for the identification of minerals including jadeite, omphacite, amazonite, albite, muscovite and green quartz. Moreover, XRF was effective for in situ analysis of the elemental composition of the artifacts. This information was essential for sourcing the raw materials, in particular, jadeite. It was possible to infer the exploitation of an unknown source of jadeite for the earlier burial (A.D. 250-450). During this period the exploitation of the Verapaz and Motagua jadeite deposits also began. These sources were the primary deposits used for the manufacture of the artifacts studied from the period of A.D. 600-850. Also, a greater diversity of minerals is observed during the zenith of Palenque during this period, corresponding to the reign of Pakal. Although, between burials, the color of the artifacts is diverse, the color measurements indicated similarity in color among artifacts within individual burials.
This work concerns the study of colors and dyes identified on archaeological textiles from the Atacama Desert. The different garments and ornaments come from the excavation of two important pre-Columbian cemeteries of the Tarapacá region: Tarapacá-40 attributed to the Formative period (1100 BC - 660 AD) and Pica-8 to the Late Intermediate period (900 - 1450 AD). For the first time, a multi-analytical approach with non-invasive techniques using Fiber Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS), Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) were applied on samples of less than 2 cm of length for physicochemical characterization of the raw materials and the dyes employed in the textile production of northern Chile. The fibers are from animal origin. Blue, green, and yellow are identified as indigo, but we cannot discard a mixture with other dyes to vary hue and shade; while carminic acid and alizarin - to a lesser extent - are found on red, orange and brown samples. This research provides new elements for the discussion about the textile technology developed in this desertic region, its changes and continuities along with the history. Our results are compared to recent findings on neighbouring regions from northern Chile, to improve the current knowledge and discuss the existence of dyeing textile cultural traditions.
El orden, como categoría filosófica parte de la cosmovisión griega y es uno de los principios de la organización de la información. Se analiza la naturaleza del orden, su origen y su presencia en los sistemas de clasificación bibliotecológicos. Se concluye que ese orden es introducido por el bibliotecólogo, pero sin tener consecuencias subjetivistas-relativistas, el "cosmos documental" construido tiene fundamentos ontológicos objetivos emanados del "ser informacional" del sujeto, por lo que posee regularidades y características que pueden ser estudiadas objetivamente.
ResumenSiguiendo las ideas de su creadora B. Dervin, se describen las principales características y principios del sense-making como modelo para el estudio de usuarios. Se realiza un análisis epistemológico de dicha propuesta para identificar sus funciones metateóricas, metodológicas y heurísticas. Se concluye que si se entiende la metateoría y la metodología como generalmente se hace, entonces el sense-making estrictamente no cumple con esas funciones. Se descubre que ese acercamiento forma parte del núcleo central de la teoría que estudia los usuarios, y desde ahí juega un papel heurístico, guiando la investigación a partir de la interpretación,
Se analiza la Teoría del Rizoma propuesta por Gilles Deleuze y Felix Guattari para identificar elementos conceptuales que permitan fundamentar una metodología de clasificación de documentos producidos en entornos abiertos y plurales, tales como los movimientos sociales. Se enfatiza que la producción de documentos lleva a la producción de relaciones sociales. Esa dimensión social se analiza con ayuda de los conceptos de “refuncionalización” (Umfunktionierung) de Walter Benjamin y de “objeto fronterizo” (Boundary Object) de Susan Star y James Greiseimer. Se comparan las características que el documento adquiere en el proceso de producción literaria planteado por Benjamin y de creación de entornos colaborativos expuesto por Star y Greiseimer con el documento propuesto por Miguel Ángel Rendón Rojas dentro de la Ciencia de la Información Documental. Por último, se identifica al metadato y al hipertexto como los elementos que cumplen con los requerimientos para establecer una metodología de clasificación de documentos producidos en entornos abiertos y cambiantes siguiendo los principios rizomáticos.
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