An essential step in the improvement of design strategies for a wide range of industrial deep drawing applications is the development of methods which allow for the precise prediction of shape and processing parameters. Earlier work has demonstrated, in a clear but qualitative manner, the capabilities of the hierarchical multiscale (HMS) model, which predicts the anisotropic plastic properties of metallic materials based on a statistical analysis of microstructure-based anisotropy and a continuous description of the yield locus. The method is implemented into the ABAQUS finite-element software but, until recently, little attention had been paid to other factors which determine the accuracy of a finite element prediction in general, such as mesh size, friction coefficient and rigid/elastic modelling of the tools. Through the analysis of cup drawing, which is a well-established laboratory-scale test relevant to industrial applications, a quantitative comparison is provided between measured cup geometry and punch force and modelling results for commercial AA6016T4 aluminium sheets. The relatively weak earing behaviour of these materials serves to emphasise the small differences still found between model and experiment, which may be addressed by future refinement of the micromechanical component of the HMS. Average cup height and punch force, which is an important process parameter omitted in earlier studies, depend primarily on the friction coefficient and assumptions in the modelling of the tools. Considering the balance between accuracy and precision, it is concluded that the proposed methodology has matured sufficiently to be used as a design tool at industrial level.

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One of the user needs when searching for information on the Web is to find those precise information they need; That is, when doing a search, they do not should recover large amounts of documents, which sometimes have nothing to do with the search they make. This implies the existence of a Semantic Web, where information systems can understand the meaning of content, particularly thematic content of information resources. If it is taken into account that in the Semantic Web the content data or attributes should have a greater context and meaning, then those data or attributes must be organized and structured appropiately, using various options, among them, metadata. Therefore, the purpose of this document is to present an approach to the relationship between metadata, particularly content metadata, and the Semantic Web. First, the topic of metadata is discussed, defining and underlining its role. Subsequently, the topic of the Semantic Web and the challenges of using content metadata to support its development are discussed. RESUMENUna de las necesidades de los usuarios al buscar información en la Web es encontrar con precisión aquella información que necesitan, es decir, que al efectuar una bús-queda no se recuperen grandes cantidades de documentos, los que en ocasiones nada tienen que ver con la búsqueda que efectúan. Lo anterior implica la existencia de una Web Semántica, en donde los sistemas de información puedan entender el significado del contenido, particularmente el temático, de los recursos u objetos de información. Si se toma en cuenta que en la Web Semántica los datos o atributos deberán tener mayor contexto y significado, entonces esos datos o atributos se tienen que organizar y estructurar adecuadamente, utilizando diversas opciones, entre las que se encuentran los metadatos. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este documento es presentar un acercamiento a la relación existente entre los metadatos, particularmente los de contenido, y la Web Semántica. En primer lugar se aborda el tema de los metadatos, definiendo y subrayando su función. Posteriormente se aborda el tema de la Web Semántica y los retos que implica el uso de los metadatos de contenido para apoyar su desarrollo.

El objetivo de este documento es analizar las principales consecuencias de las disposiciones del T-MEC sobre el desempeño de los sectores automotriz y energético de México. La exposición incluye la simulación de tres escenarios, construidos mediante un modelo de vectores autorregresivos, en los que se evalúan los posibles impactos del incremento de costos derivados de las nuevas reglas de origen sobre las variables claves de la industria automotriz (empleo, producción, inversión y divisas). La simulación se complementa con un estudio de la influencia del tratado en los recientes movimientos laborales de la industria. Finalmente, se valoran los potenciales conflictos entre EUA y México resultantes de los cambios experimentados por el sector energético mexicano. La conclusión principal es que el T-MEC puede beneficiar o perjudicar a ambos sectores dependiendo de los escenarios presentados y de la observancia de ciertos capítulos del tratado.THE AUTOMOTIVE AND ENERGY SECTORS OF MEXICO IN USMCA’ S LABYRINTHSABSTRACTThis paper aims to assess the main consequences of the USMCA provisions on Mexico’s automotive and energy sectors’ performance. By running an autoregressive vector model, we set three scenarios to measure the potential impacts of higher production costs resulting from the rules of origin on the automotive plants’ critical variables (employment, production, investment, and foreign exchange). The paper also analyzes USMCA’s influence on labor changes in the Mexican automotive industry to highlight the social content of the rules of origin. Finally, we provide a qualitative study on contentious issues between the U.S. and Mexico stemming from recent changes in the Mexican energy sector. The main conclusion is that USMCA’s impact on the performance of both sectors depends on the scenarios presented and the degree of compliance with certain treaty chapters.