Background Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the infection of the human central nervous system (CNS) by Taenia solium larvae that cause significant neurological morbidity. Studies on NCC pathophysiology, host-parasite interactions or therapeutic agents are limited by the lack of suitable animal models. We have previously reported that carotid injection of activated T. solium oncospheres directs parasites into the CNS and consistently reproduces NCC. This study assessed the minimal dose required to consistently obtain NCC by intracarotid oncosphere injection and compared antigen and antibody response profiles by dose-group. Methods/Principal findings Three groups of pigs were infected with either 2500 (n = 10), 5000 (n = 11), or 10000 (n = 10) oncospheres. Two pigs died during the study. Necropsy exam at day 150 post-infection (PI) demonstrated viable NCC in 21/29 pigs (72.4%), with higher NCC rates with increasing oncosphere doses (4/9 [44.4%], 9/11 [81.8%] and 8/9 [88.9%] for 2500, 5000, and 10000 oncospheres respectively, P for trend = 0.035). CNS cyst burden was also higher in pigs with increasing doses (P for trend = 0.008). Viable and degenerated muscle cysticerci were also found in all pigs, with degenerated cysticerci more frequent in the 2500 oncosphere dose-group. All pigs were positive for circulating parasite antigens on ELISA (Ag-ELISA) from day 14 PI; circulating antigens markedly increased at day 30 PI and remained high with plateau levels in pigs infected with either 5000 or 10000 oncospheres, but not in pigs infected with 2500 oncospheres. Specific antibodies appeared at day 30 PI and were not different between dose-groups. Conclusion/Significance Intracarotid injection of 5000 or more oncospheres produces high NCC rates in pigs with CNS cyst burdens like those usually found in human NCC, making this model appropriate for studies on the pathogenesis of NCC and the effects of antiparasitic treatment.
Objetivo: Presentar un estado del arte alrededor de problemas que surgen al crear servicios complejos de interacción entre sensores en la Web, como: descubrimiento automático, combinación de datos heterogéneos, coordinación y cooperación entre sensores, solucionados con el desarrollo de middlewares semánticos para la Web de las Cosas, sin lograr una cooperación transparente entre ellos, profundizando en aportes en la interacción máquina a máquina. Metodología: La investigación fue de tipo documental a través de un análisis bibliográfico de los últimos 12 años, identificando núcleos temáticos, criterios de selección, fichas descriptivas y realizando abstracción de estas para su desarrollo. Resultados y conclusiones: Los resultados exhiben por núcleo temático las principales componentes del tema, permitiendo una discusión alrededor de los retos por resolver en esta área de investigación, analizando enfoques presentes en el estado actual del conocimiento relacionados con la interacción semántica de la Web de las cosas (WoT).
Organizations today need to maintain relationships with actors who intervene in the execution of key processes. This creates problems for the correct administration of the organization's procedures and in administrating a shared jargon, increasing costs related to the procedures. The objective of this paper is to present the MONPRO methodology, which supports the management of organizational procedures through the creation of specific ontologies of the organizational domain (including employee jargon and natural language), allowing any person with knowledge in computer science to create ontologies, without needing to be an expert. MONPRO is composed of five phases. The activities in each of them define a series of forms and diagrams that lead the ontology developer to break down the procedure and obtain the necessary resources to build the ontology. To test the methodology, the Presentation and Defense of the Doctoral Thesis at UC3M procedure for the Carlos III University of Madrid, Leganés Campus, Spain was used. The results can, in general, have a positive impact, reducing costs for a company through their no longer requiring to hire experts to develop procedure ontologies, also reducing by approximately 43.8% the consultation time on procedures and establishing a common organizational language regardless of the jargon of a particular employee. In general, this research offers organizations the opportunity to improve operational procedures, giving their employees access to the standards of the organization using a natural language and its own jargon, increasing the quality of procedures. INDEX TERMS Management of organizational procedures, ontology creation methodology, organizational jargon, organizational ontologies.
Objetivo: Determinar y caracterizar el estado actual del conocimiento acerca de los criterios de ubicación del procesamiento de datos, utilizando técnicas de inteligencia computacional en un Ecosistema de Objetos Inteligentes de la Web de las Cosas. Metodología: La revisión sistemática que se presenta a continuación se basa en los estudios realizados por Petersen y Kitchenham , se plantearon cuatro preguntas de investigación, se aplicó el método PICOC para identificar las palabras clave, se planteó una cadena de búsqueda y cuatro motores de búsqueda, se plantearon los criterios de inclusión y exclusión de estudios primarios, así como los criterios de evaluación de la calidad, la estrategia de extracción de datos y el método de síntesis. Resultados: Se lograron responder las cuatro preguntas de investigación planteadas, encontrando que la mayoría de los estudios carecen de una implementación en las tres ubicaciones analizadas y un único estudio que compara el desempeño obtenido por un algoritmo de inteligencia computacional al procesar información en distintas ubicaciones del ecosistema. Conclusiones: Se demostró la necesidad de continuar realizando estudios en el área de la localización del procesamiento en ecosistemas inteligentes utilizando técnicas de inteligencia computacional para el procesamiento en distintas ubicaciones. Además, se evidencia una necesidad en hacer un mayor énfasis en la comparativa del rendimiento obtenido al realizar implementaciones teniendo en cuenta distintas técnicas de inteligencia computacional.
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