En este artículo estimamos la magnitud probable de los cambios en la distribución del ingreso, la pobreza y la pobreza extrema del país en las áreas metropolitanas del Valle de México, Guadalajara y Monterrey, así como en la Ciudad de México, de acuerdo con diferentes hipótesis de conducta del ingreso laboral basadas en información disponible hasta el inicio de la pandemia y que consideran los cierres de actividades llamadas no esenciales y el impacto de éstos en ocupaciones específicas. La pandemia apareció en el contexto de un incipiente proceso de aumento en los salarios reales y en el empleo iniciado en 2019; nuestros resultados muestran que el freno en las actividades derivado de la emergencia sanitaria, tanto en México como en el mundo, provocó el aumento de la pobreza y la extrema pobreza, además del crecimiento de la desigualdad medida por el índice de Gini.

SynopsisTen early premetamorphic bonefish (AZbufa sp.) leptocephali were collected in MOCNESS plankton tows in the Guaymas Basin area of the Gulf of California from 27 July-l August, 1985. Initial captures of five larvae showed that these were found only in surface waters (O-100 m) at temperatures of 15-29" C. A shallow tow made from 200 m to the surface resulted in the capture of five additional larvae that were distributed in the upper 50 m of the water column at temperatures of 21-29°C. Both pre-flexion larvae (c17.0 mm notochord length, NL,) and larvae with flexed notochords were captured. The size range was from 12.Omm NL to 27.0mm st.andard length. Drawings of representative larvae are given. This is apparently the first report of premetamorphic bonefish larvae for the Gulf, although metamorphic larvae have been known to be abundant in coastal areas of this region for almost 100 years. Distribution records for metamorphic larvae are reviewed. This, together with observations on seasonal distribution of ripe adults in coastal waters near Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, has allowed us to speculate on various aspects of life history. Our data suggest that spawning occurs during late spring and summer and that early development takes place offshore. The premetamorphic interval is postulated to last approximately 6-7 months. Larvae then return to coastal areas during the winter and spring to complete metamorphosis.

We assess technical efficiency (TE) level for Mexican Ministry of Health (MoH) primary care units. Assessment was focused on the production of adequate maternal health services defined as the coverage level of women who received timely and frequent antenatal care, and institutional and medical care during childbirth. We conducted a longitudinal analysis of administrative and socio-demographic information concerning 233 health jurisdictions for the period 2008-15. Crude TE was calculated using window data envelopment analysis (Windows-DEA). Empirical analysis included the description of several factors affecting the production of maternal health services, including the heterogeneity and trends assessment of TE among health jurisdictions. We estimated a pooled regression model with robust standard errors to identify correlates of TE and estimated adjusted performance scores. Results indicate that while the production of adequate maternal-health services and TE in health jurisdictions proved insufficient, they rose by 22% (from 40.9% to 49.8%) and 14% (from 54.3% to 62%), respectively, over time. Furthermore, variance in efficiency among production units diminished and persistent regularities were observed. Performance was highest in the Northern as opposed to the Southern and Southeastern health jurisdictions, but lowest in the most marginalized zones of the country marked by economic inequality and the presence of indigenous populations. The Mexican Health System has reached a paradoxical situation: the steady escalation of financial resources in the public health subsystem over the past 15 years has yielded sub-optimal results as regards coverage for essential maternal health interventions among the poorest. Mexican government must put in place a set of measures to guarantee efficiency in the system's performance without affecting equity gains. This necessarily involves reconsidering, and where necessary replacing, the criteria behind the allocation and distribution of resources, as well as the mechanisms for controlling how resources are used and accountability is fulfilled.

Although a lot of research has been done on the link between selfemployment and unemployment, often focusing on the short-run of the relationship, the long-run association between the two variables has not received adequate attention. In this paper we examine the long-run relationship between self-employment and unemployment using panel cointegration methods allowing for structural breaks and covering a wide range of European OECD countries using the COMPENDIA dataset over the period 1990-2011. Our findings indicate that a long-run relationship between self-employment and unemployment exist in the panel, but the cointegrating coefficients are unstable. Our estimates finds positive and statistically significant long-run association between self-employment and unemployment exists for more than 50% of the countries included in the sample after the break. For the rest of the countries we find either negative or statistically insignificant association.

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