Maritime transport is responsible for 13% of the Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions of the transport sector. Port authorities, terminals, shipping companies, and other stakeholders have joined efforts to improve this sector’s environmental performance. In Spain, the Ministry for Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge has developed a methodology to assess the carbon footprint. This methodology has been adapted to ports and applied to processes under the Port Authority of Valencia’s umbrella achieving scopes 1, 2, and 3. The results highlight that ship traffic, within the port, of containers and cruises (categorized in scope 3) had a major impact on the carbon footprint. Buildings lighting managed by the terminals has a significant effect on scope 2. Diesel consumption shares with gasoline consumption the primary representation in scope 1. The carbon footprint between 2008 and 2016 was maintained, although traffic in the port increased by 24% during this period. The results show a decrease of 17% when emissions are compared using the base year’s emissions factors to avoid external factors. Future projects that include self-consumption or renewable energy policies seem to be the next step in a port that shows good results but still has room for improvement in activities of scope 3.
Interest in the multisensory perception of products is growing in different realms of science and industry. This paper applies differential semantics to investigate the influence of sensory channels on the semantic structure of perception. The study consists of four experiments in which volunteers report their perception of a sample of visual, acoustic, olfactory and tactile stimuli. The semantic space for each sense is obtained and differences in structure and meaning are analyzed.The results show that the concepts that people use to express perception depend on the sense used. Some concepts appear for one sense only, while other concepts are stimulated through more than one sense, although the meaning is not always the same. The semantic structure shows that the main source of variability in perception using the four senses studied is due to the emotional dimension followed by symbolic value for vision, hearing and smell -and by sensorial attributes for touch.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe results of this work may be useful for researchers and practitioners in the realms of sensorial sciences, sensorial design and sensorial marketing. The multisensory perceptual map produced can help designers and marketers in the design of products and services. Designers could proceed by first selecting the concepts to transmit and then follow an iterative process with three steps:(1) Choose the order in which senses interact with products. (2) Stimulate the senses that dominate in the perception of the concepts chosen. (3) Assess the congruence of meanings.Researchers can use the semantic for each sense as the basis for more complex studies. There are few independent concepts for assessing stimulus perception by each sense. This type of study enables experiments to be conducted in which people can evaluate a greater number of stimuli within the time period of a normal experimental session.
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