This experimental study explored the response of burning liquid fuel droplets to one-dimensional acoustic standing waves created within a closed, atmospheric waveguide. Building upon prior droplet combustion studies quantifying mean and temporal flame response of several alternative fuels to moderate acoustic excitation (Sevilla-Esparza, et al., Combustion and Flame, 161(6):1604–1619, 2014), the present work focused on higher amplitude acoustic forcing observed to create periodic partial extinction and reignition (PPER) of flames enveloping the droplet. Detailed examination of ethanol droplets exposed to a range of acoustic forcing conditions (frequencies and amplitudes in the vicinity of a pressure node) yielded several different combustion regimes: one with sustained oscillatory flames, one with PPER, and then full extinction at very high excitation amplitudes. Phase-locked OH* chemiluminescence imaging and local temporal pressure measurements allowed quantification of the combustion-acoustic coupling through the local Rayleigh index. Similar behavior was observed for JP-8 and liquid synthetic fuel derived via the Fischer-Tropsch process, but with quantitative differences based on different reaction time scales. Estimates of the mean and oscillatory strain rates experienced by the flames during excitation assisted with interpreting specific relationships among acoustic, chemical, and fluid mechanical/straining time scales that can lead to a greater understanding of PPER.
Dialysis patients are exposed to large amounts of water during conventional intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) hence strict regulations exist for the quality of water used to prepare dialysate. Occasionally water systems fail due to natural disasters or structural supply issues such as water main breaks or unplanned changes in municipal or facility water quality. It is critical to regularly monitor and immediately recognize such a failure and take steps to avoid exposing the patients to contaminants.
In addition to the recognition of the problem, the ability to pivot and continue to provide safe treatment to dialysis dependent inpatients is essential both from ultrafiltration and clearance standpoint. At our hospital, an unforeseen water disruption occurred and we were able to continue to provide renal replacement therapy with pre-made bagged dialysate to mitigate the impact on our dialysis patients. This is a novel method in utilizing available machines and dialysate, which we normally stock for continuous renal replacement therapy, for short dialysis sessions. The methodology is similar to that which has been widely used for short daily home hemodialysis with low dialysate flow rate. As this situation occurred in the midst of the Sars CoV2 pandemic we had to be mindful of dialysate volumes as well as staffing time. Here we present our investigation into the cause of water system failure and how we quickly implemented the alternative dialysis method. Short dialysis with low flow dialysate will not deliver the same Kt/V per session as standard dialysis, however it was successful as implemented and tailored with adjustments for patients requiring higher clearance for specific indication such as severe hyperkalemia.
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