We have recalculated the interior structure of very massive stars of uniform chemical composition with the OPAL opacity. Very massive stars are found to develop a core-halo structure with an extended radiative-envelope. With the core-halo structure, because a more massive star has a more extended envelope, the track of the upper zero-age main-sequence (ZAMS) curves redward in the H-R diagram at > 100M ⊙ (Z = 0.02), > 70M ⊙ (Z = 0.05), and > 15M ⊙ for helium ZAMS (X = 0., Z=0.02). Therefore, the effective temperatures of very massive ZAMS stars are rather low: e.g., for a 200M ⊙ star, log T eff = 4.75 (Z = 0.004), 4.60 (Z = 0.02), 4.46 (Z = 0.05), and 4.32 (Z = 0.10). The effective temperatures of very luminous stars (> 120M ⊙ ) found in the LMC, the SMC, and the Galaxy are discussed in relation to this metal dependence of a curving upper main-sequence.
A 26-year-old man had been diagnosed with a cardiac murmur from birth. In 1998, he was admitted to hospital because of slight fatigue. A grade 5/6 continuous murmur was audible near the right sternal border at the second intercostal space. Doppler echocardiography detected an abnormal flow that suggested that an aneurysm of the right coronary sinus of Valsalva had ruptured into the right ventricular inflow tract. Blood tests showed a 19% step-up in oxygen saturation value between the right atrium and right ventricle, indicating a ventricular septal defect with left to right shunt. Coronary angiography revealed a single coronary artery. Surgical repair was carried out and the patient made an uneventful recovery. This rare combination of a ruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva coexisting with a ventricular septal defect and a single coronary artery has not been reported previously.
The half-value layer (HVL) is an important index of the image quality or radiation risk in mammography. Radiation risk of the breast tissue is evaluated with the average glandular dose. The HVL index is indispensable for the average glandular dose computations. We investigated the influence of multiple factors that affect HVL value, such as thickness or purity of the aluminum attenuator, detector material of dosimeter, fluctuation of X-ray output, detector location in X-ray field and so on, for accurate average glandular dose computations. We found some aluminum plates about 20% thicker than nominal thickness. The HVL values between seven filter sets were different in about 5% at the maximum. In addition, we reduced a fluctuation of X-ray output with dose monitoring. Then, the standard deviation of HVL value decreased from 1.114% to 0.105%. HVL value obtained from a solid-state detector was statistically thicker than that measured by ionization chamber. It has been reported that there was a difference in the half-value layer under the influence of a heel effect by location of the measurement. Accompanied with alternation of detector location, HVL value of PCM (Konica Minolta) had a significant difference, while Novation (Siemens) and Senographe 2000D (GE) had no change.
Abstract. The early detection of colorectal cancer originating from any part of the colorectum is desirable because this cancer can be cured surgically if diagnosed early. We searched for marker genes for a fecal RNA-based colorectal cancer screening method by comparison of genome-wide expression profiles among cancerous and non-cancerous tissues, and healthy volunteer-and cancer patient-derived colonocytes from the feces, and the peripheral blood. Of 14,564 genes, only 3 (PAP, REG1A, and DPEP1) were selectable as final candidates which were expressed frequently at any stage of this cancer and were suppressed in non-cancerous tissues and also in the peripheral blood and colonocytes of healthy volunteers. Next, we directly compared fecal RNA-expression profiles between colorectal cancer patients and healthy volunteers, and found that most of the genes (92%) expressed in the colonocytes of the cancer patients were not expressed in those of the healthy volunteers. Six genes (SEPP1, RPL27A, ATP1B1, EEF1A1, SFN, and RPS11) selected randomly from 85 cancer patient-derived colonocyte-specific genes were evaluated. In total, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or focused microarray of all those 9 genes detected 18 (78%) of 23 curable colorectal cancers (Dukes stages A-C), 9 or 10 (64% or 71%) of 14 early cancers with no lymph node metastasis (Dukes stage A or B) and 4 (80%) of 5 rightsided cancers. Our extensive gene list provides other markers for fecal RNA-based colorectal cancer screening.
In this paper, we consider the rate-distortion performance of a multiview image set with subsampling of the viewpoints. As a basic analysis, we compare two scenarios: (i) all images would be coded and transmitted in even quality, and (ii) a half of the images would be discarded by subsampling at the sender side, and the remaining half would be coded and transmitted. In the second scenario, the discarded images would be reconstructed at the receiver side using some view interpolation technology. We first introduce a theoretical model describing the rate-distortion performance of the scenarios above. Then, we present numerical simulations and experiments, showing that which scenario yields better performance depends on the bitrate, the properties of the image set, and the accuracy of the view interpolation.
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