Context and objective Thyroid autoimmunity has been reported to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 and the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination recently. We report a series of patients who presented with new onset or relapse of Graves’ disease related hyperthyroidism shortly after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine at a single tertiary institution in Singapore. Methods and results We describe 12 patients who developed hyperthyroidism within a relatively short interval (median onset of 17 (range: 5 - 63) days) after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. The majority were females (11/12) with median age of 35.5 (range: 22-74) years. Six patients had new onset hyperthyroidism, while the other six had relapse of previously well-controlled Graves’ disease. TSH Receptor antibody concentrations ranged from 2.4-32 IU/L. Majority of the patients were able to go for the second dose of the vaccine without any further exacerbations. Literature review revealed 21 other similar cases reported from across the world. Conclusion Our case series provide insight into the characteristics of individuals in whom Graves’ disease was triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Clinicians need to be vigilant of precipitation or exacerbation of autoimmune thyroid disorders in predisposed individuals after exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Further epidemiological and mechanistic studies are required to elucidate the possible associations between the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the development of thyroid autoimmunity.
ABSTRAC T This paper discuses the design, field operatien, data acquisition and the perform ance of a foam pilot conducted in the North Sea Snorre field in m i d-1996. The foam pilot was carried out in P-18, a high volume producer witti peak production rate at 6000 Sm 3/day, which had been shot-in since it experienced premature gas breakthrough from WAG injection . The primary objectives of the pilot veere to transfer laboratory tested foam technology to field application, to reduce the high GOR of P-18, and to return [he well to production status. A comprehensive data aquisition programma was conducted for the interpretati on of results . The pilot operatien was carried out smoothly without major operational problems . The pilot demonstrated that it is possible to generate a s treng foam in an oil hearing formation and to selectively block gas flow in a high permeability zone . P-18 was return ed to production as a consequence of GOR being reduced by about 50% for more th an 2 months . The foam pilot further demonstrated that foam treatment is a .viable improved oil recovery pro cess for the Snorre reserv oirs . INTRODUCTIONSnorre is ene of the major oil fields on the Norwegian Continental Shelf in the North Sea, located about 150 kilomatras off the toast . The current estimate of ultimata recovery (proved and probable) is in excess of 200 million Sm3 of oil . The reservoir is a massive fluvial deposit, contained witpin rotated fault blocks. The field was originally developed witti water injection as the main drive mechanism and it was put on stream in 1992.At the time of production start up in 1992, a reserves enhancement potential was already identified and a plan to mature these reserves veere implemented . This included the testmg of reservoir continuity and the qualification of EOR and advanced well technologies through pilot testmg . Based on promising results from early studies of WAG injection, a pilot was implemented in 1994'2 which consisted of a 5-welf pattern in the tentral part of the field . Early gas breakthrough was realised in P-18, which had to be shutin due to export gas limitations . However, the remaining producers did not experience gas breakthrough like P-18. Witti positive response in the remaining pilot area and favourable economics, it was decided in 1995 to expand the WAG injection to cover the three main faalt blocks in the field.Witti this decision the injected gas volume will increase from about 1 million Sm3/day to 5 minion Sm3/day in 1998 . This highlights a large challenge to control gas breakthrough in the producers and to improve the sweep efficiency of the injected gas . The main candidate to meet this challenge is foam and the werk on the Snorre foam qualification programma was intensified . The qualification of foam technology started in parallel witti the Norwegian Government sponsored research programma RUTH3 and an activa collaboration witti RUTH on experimental and modelleng werk was carried out .Since P-18 was spat-in due to early gas breakthrough in 1994, it became a ...
The image of the target in this case study is affected by zones of shallow gas/high Earth attenuation in the overburden. The goal of the study is to determine whether the attenuation of the seismic amplitudes below these areas can be minimized through the application of advanced seismic acquisition designs, e.g. increased azimuth, long offset acquisition.
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