Type 2 diabetes leads to mild to moderate deficits in all measured cognitive abilities. There was a lack of published studies investigating type 2 diabetes-associated variables; therefore, additional meta-analyses investigating the impact of these variables on cognitive functioning in type 2 diabetes could not be performed. As such, data from individual studies must be reported consistently to allow for investigation of variables that may affect the relationship between type 2 diabetes and cognitive functioning. Given the present findings, clinicians working with patients with type 2 diabetes should be alerted to the possibility of cognitive changes that could impact type 2 diabetes treatment management or require referral for neuropsychological assessment.

Depression and MCI often co-occur 2,5 and, for a subset of elderly individuals, late-life depression, MCI, and dementia might form a continuum. 6 Depression and MCI are also often mistaken for each other, as there is a significant amount of overlap in the cognitive complaints present in these two disorders.7 Zihl and colleagues 8 reported no significant differences in the neuropsychological profiles of individuals with depression and cognitive impairment and individuals with MCI when both groups were compared to healthy controls. ABSTRACT: Objective:The current study sought to determine if the Kaplan-Baycrest Neurocognitive assessment (KBNa) was capable of discriminating individuals with subjective memory complaints associated with depression from individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: scores on 12 subtests of the KBNa were compared for 27 participants with MCI and 28 participants being treated for depression using Bonferroni correct between-group comparisons for each subtest. KBNa subtest scores were corrected for age and education. Results: significant between-group differences were obtained on six subtests with large effect sizes (Cohen's d) ranging from 1.19 -1.58. The six subtests involved encoding and delayed episodic memory for verbal and visual information. Using logistic regression analysis, five subtests of the KBNa were able to correctly classify 96.4% of study participants. Conclusion:The results from this preliminary investigation indicate that the KBNa has the potential to serve as a brief and reliable assessment tool capable of distinguishing individuals with subjective memory complaints associated with depression from individuals with MCI in a clinical setting. Limitations of the current study and future research are discussed.RÉSUMÉ: Discrimination des profils cognitifs du déficit cognitif léger et de la dépression au moyen du KBNA. Objectif : Le but de cette étude était de déterminer si le Kaplan-Baycrest Neurocognitive assessment (KBNa) pouvait distinguer les individus qui ont des pertes de mémoire subjectives associées à une dépression de ceux qui ont un déficit cognitif léger (DCL). Méthode : Les scores obtenus lors de 12 sous-tests du KBNa chez 27 sujets atteints de DCL et 28 sujets traités pour dépression ont été comparés en utilisant la correction de Bonferroni pour les comparaisons entre groupes pour chaque sous-test. Les scores aux sous-tests KBNa ont été corrigés pour l'âge et le niveau de scolarité. Résultats : Des différences significatives entre les groupes ont été observées pour 6 sous-tests avec de grandes tailles d'effets (d de Cohen) allant de 1,19 à 1,58. Les 6 sous-tests comportaient l'encodage et le rappel de la mémoire épisodique pour l'information verbale et visuelle. À l'analyse de régression logistique, 5 sous-tests du KBNa étaient capable de classifier correctement 96,4% des sujets. Conclusion : Les résultats de cette étude préliminaire indiquent que le KBNa pourrait être utilisé comme outil d'évaluation bref et fiable, capable de faire la distinction...

In Canada, more than 9 million people have diabetes or prediabetes, with Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) accounting for the vast majority of diabetes cases. 1 Individuals with diabetes have a 1.2 to 2.3 times greater risk for Alzheimer's disease and a 2.2 to 3.4 times greater risk for vascular dementia than non-diabetics. 2 Further, it has been estimated that 7 to 13% of all cases of dementia can be directly attributed to diabetes. 3 Proper diabetes treatment and management may, therefore, contribute to a reduction in risk of dementia in T2DM. For example, Cosway et al. 4 demonstrated that individuals with well-managed diabetes did not significantly differ from non-diabetic controls in their cognitive functioning.