Several lines of evidence suggest that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChE) inhibitors have their cognitive enhancing effects by stimulating cholinergic receptors within the medial septum. However, intraseptal administration of cholinergic enhancing drugs produce mixed results that appear to depend on both the integrity of the medial septum as well as task demands. Three experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between increased cholinergic activity within the medial septum and hippocampus and behavioral recovery in a model of diencephalic amnesia produced by pyrithiamine-induced thiamine deficiency (PTD). In Experiment 1, systemic tacrine (0.0, 0.75, 1.5 mg/kg) was administered to PTD and pair-fed (PF) rats prior to a spontaneous alternation task. Without tacrine, PF rats alternated at a higher rate than PTD rats. Both doses of tacrine increased alternation in PTD rats to within the range of PF rats. In Experiment 2, three doses of intraseptal tacrine (2.5, 5.0, 12.5 μg) were administered to PTD and PF rats and changes in hippocampal acetylcholine efflux were assessed. Both the 5.0 and 12.5 μg doses significantly increased hippocampal acetylcholine levels, but the change was greater in the PTD rats. In Experiment 3, despite the fact that both intraseptal doses of tacrine (5.0, 12.5 μg) increased hippocampal acetylcholine levels, only 5.0 μg significantly improved alternation scores in PTD rats. Thus, when there is basal forebrain cholinergic cell loss in conjunction with diencephalic pathology, the therapeutic range of AChE-I in the medial septum and the effective doses do not directly map onto changes in acetylcholine efflux in the hippocampus.
This Technical Note is a reference guide for those conducting the total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis of diesel and electric school buses. The publication presents a landscape analysis of information related to school bus procurement, performance, and operations, such as purchase costs, maintenance and operating costs, fuel economies, vehicle lifetime, charger and installation costs, and more. The recommended default specifications for key calculation parameters will improve understanding of the economics of school bus electrification.
The APS Journal Legacy Content is the corpus of 100 years of historical scientific research from the American Physiological Society research journals. This package goes back to the first issue of each of the APS journals including the American Journal of Physiology, first published in 1898. The full text scanned images of the printed pages are easily searchable. Downloads quickly in PDF format.
Hess (Zeit. F. Kindhlk., Bd. 39) illuminated vegetable oils with a quartz lamp from a distance of 33 centimeters. In one hour. The oils acquired a fishy smell and anti-rachitic properties. The addition of such oil in the amount of 0.1 to the diet, which can cause rickets in rats, protects them from disease. Antirachitic properties are due to the unsaponifiable fraction of the oil, consisting of phytosterol.
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