A supervised 12-week intervention of time-matched aerobic vs resistance versus concurrent exercise training was employed to investigate mode- and time course-specific effects of exercise training in older adults. Community-dwelling men and women (n = 84; M/F, 45/39; 69.3 ± 3.5 years; 26.4 ± 3.8 kg m ) were randomly assigned (n = 21 each) to either non-exercise control (CON), aerobic exercise only (AER), resistance exercise only (RES), or concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise (CEX). Training groups trained three times per week, each performing 72 minutes of active exercise time per week. Body composition, physical and cognitive function, and markers of metabolic health were assessed before (PRE), and after 6 (MID) and 12 (POST) weeks of exercise training. Hand-grip strength, 1RM chest press, and arm LBM were improved by both RES and CEX, but not AER. Aerobic fitness increased in AER and RES, but not CEX. Cognitive function improved in all groups, but occurred earlier (ie, at MID) in AER. CEX improved gait speed and lower limb strength and reduced trunk fat compared to either AER or RES. Leg LBM was unchanged in any group. Temporal patterns were observed as early as 6 weeks of training (gait speed, upper and lower limb strength, aerobic fitness), whereas others were unchanged until 12 weeks (hand-grip strength, timed up-and-go, sit-to-stand). Compared to either aerobic or resistance exercise training alone, concurrent exercise training is as efficacious for improving a range of health-related parameters and is more efficacious for increasing gait speed and lower limb strength, and decreasing trunk fat in older adults.
Background: Given the importance of habitual dietary protein intake, distribution patterns and dietary sources in the etiology of age-related declines of muscle mass and function, this study examined these factors as a function of sex and age in Irish adults aged 18-90 years comprising The National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS).Methods: n=1051 (males, n=523; females, n=528) undertook a four-day semi-weighed food diary.Total, body mass relative intake, and percentage contribution to total energy intake of dietary protein were determined in addition to protein distribution scores (PDS), and contribution of food groups, animal-and plant-based foods to total protein intake.Results: Total and relative protein intake were highest in those aged 18-35 y (96±3g per day, 1.32±0.40g/kg/d), with lower protein intakes with increasing age i.e. in adults aged ≥65 y (82±22g, 1.15±0.34g/kg/d, P<0.001 for both). Differences in protein intake between age groups were more pronounced in males compared to females. Protein distribution followed a skewed pattern for all age groups (breakfast, 15±10g; lunch, 30±15g; dinner, 44±17g). Animal-based foods were the dominant protein source within the diet (63±11% vs. 37±11% plant protein, P<0.001).Conclusions: Protein intake and the number of meals reaching the purported threshold for maximising postprandial anabolism were highest in young, and lower with increasing age. For main meals, breakfast provided the lowest quantity of protein across all age categories, and may represent an opportunity for improving protein distribution, whereas in older adults, increasing the number of meals reaching the anabolic threshold regardless of distribution pattern may be more appropriate.
An evaluation of a six-week Combined minimal footwear transition and gait-retraining combination vs. gait retraining only on impact characteristics and leg stiffness. Twenty-four trained male runners were randomly assigned to either (1) Minimalist footwear transition Combined with gait-retraining over a six-week period ("Combined" group; n = 12) examined in both footwear, or (2) a gait-retraining group only with no minimalist footwear exposure ("Control"; n = 12). Participants were assessed for loading rate, impact peak, vertical, knee and ankle stiffness, and foot-strike using 3D and kinetic analysis. Loading rate was significantly higher in the Combined group in minimal shoes in pre-tests compared to a Control (P ≤ 0.001), reduced significantly in the Combined group over time (P ≤ 0.001), and was not different to the Control group in post-tests (P = 0.16). The impact peak (P = 0.056) and ankle stiffness reduced in both groups (P = 0.006). Loading rate and vertical stiffness was higher in minimalist footwear than conventional running shoes both pre (P ≤ 0.001) and post (P = 0.046) the intervention. There has a higher tendency to non-rearfoot strike in both interventions, but more acute changes in the minimalist footwear. A Combined intervention can potentially reduce impact variables. However, higher loading rate initially in minimalist footwear may increase the risk of injury in this condition.
Six months of supplementation with a multi-ingredient nutrition supplement was investigated in older adults with low skeletal muscle mass given the recently purported benefits of such approaches. Community-dwelling older adults (age, 74.9 ± 3.6 y; M/F, 18/19) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial involving daily consumption of either fruit juice placebo (PLA) or supplement (SUPP) in the form of a 200-mL carton of a juice-based emulsion of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) (3000 mg as 1500 mg docosahexaenoic acid and 1500 mg eicosapentaenoic acid), whey protein isolate (8 g), vitamin D3 (400 IU), and resveratrol (150 mg). Body composition, physical function, and circulating markers of metabolic health were assessed at baseline (PRE), and after 3 (MID) and 6 (POST) months of supplementation. Lean body mass (LBM) was unchanged in either group, but fat mass increased in SUPP by 1.41 (0.75, 2.07) kg at POST (þ6.4%; p < .001; d ¼ 0.20). Hand-grip strength was maintained in SUPP, but declined in PLA by 2.50 (0.81, 4.19) kg at POST (À6.8%; p ¼ .002; d ¼ 0.38). Short physical performance battery score was unchanged in PLA, but increased in SUPP by 1.13 (0.41, 1.84) above PRE at POST (p ¼ .001; d ¼ 0.47). Circulating markers of metabolic health were unchanged in response to the intervention in either PLA or SUPP. Long-term supplementation with an LC n-3 PUFA-rich multi-ingredient nutrition supplement demonstrates potential efficacy for improving physical function in older adults in the absence of exercise training and independent of a change in LBM.
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