Two experiments investigating the effect of emotion on daydreaming were conducted. In Experiment 1, 44 subjects described a recent daydream and a memorable daydream, a laboratory-generated daydream without concurrent emotion and a laboratory-generated daydream with intensified emotion, plus a recent dream and a memorable dream. Two judges independently rated the dreamlikeness of each description on a blind basis. The daydreams generated during intensified emotion were judged to be significantly more dreamlike than all the other daydreams averaged together. The dreamlikeness scores for the daydreams generated during intensified emotion were almost identical to the drearnlikeness scores for the most recent dreams. In Experiment 2, 62 subjects described a topic-specific dream from memory, a topic-specific daydream from memory, a topic-specific daydream generated without concurrent emotion, a topic-specific daydream generated during intensified 257 Ó 2003, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc. emotion, a topic-specific daydream generated after emotion-related thinking, a topic-specific daydream generated under hypnosis, and a topic-specific daydream generated during hypnotically intensified emotion. Two judges independently rated each description on a bizarreness scale and a symbolic-value scale (ranging from "definitely only one level of meaning" to "definitely more than one level of meaning"). The topic-specific daydreams generated during intensified emotion, averaged across wakeful and hypnotic conditions, were judged to be as symbolic as the topic-specific dreams, and more symbolic than the other daydreams averaged together. This suggests that, when daydreams occur in the presence of an emotion, they picture or contextualize the emotion and appear more dreamlike, more symbolic.
Epiaortic ultrasound is an imaging modality that is commonly used to evaluate the ascending aorta for atheroma and other mural lesions during elective cardiac surgery. Its use in contained aortic rupture has not been established. We present a case of thoracic trauma with contained pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta. At operation, the precise location of the aortic tear could not be identified by visual inspection, manual palpation, or transesophageal echocardiography. Epiaortic ultrasound was employed and the aortic defect was identified and successfully repaired. This intraoperative imaging modality may play an increasing role in the identification of aortic pathology when visual inspection and other intraoperative imaging is insufficient.
Local anesthetics are used in obstetric practice to achieve analgesia and anesthesia via neuraxial procedures (spinal or epidural). Local anesthetics exhibit their effect by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels on neurons, thereby inhibiting the achievement of an action potential which is required for nerve impulse propagation. There are two major groups of local anesthetics—the aminoamides and the aminoesters. The most commonly used aminoamide local anesthetics in obstetric anesthesia are lidocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine. The most commonly used aminoester local anesthetics in obstetric anesthesia are 2-chloroprocaine and tetracaine. Epinephrine can be added to local anesthetics to prolong their duration of action. The addition of sodium bicarbonate to local anesthetics hastens their onset of action. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) can occur when large doses of local anesthetic are administered. Systemic toxicity from local anesthetics can be fatal and must be treated promptly with 20% lipid emulsion. Rarely, anaphylaxis can occur after the administration of local anesthetics. This occurs most commonly with the aminoesters.
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