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The objective of this study was to assess the agronomic, morphogenic and structural characteristics of tropical forage grasses during the establishment phase and throughout the second year in northeast Brazil. The treatments included 9 grasses: Brachiaria humidicola (koronivia grass), Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato, Brachiaria brizantha cvv. Piatã, Xaraés and Marandu, Brachiaria ruziziensis (ruzi grass), Brachiaria decumbens (signal grass), Panicum hybrid cv. Massai and Andropogon gayanus (gamba grass). The grasses were planted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The following parameters were measured: total forage production, leaf:stem ratio, tiller population density, number of dead tillers, leaf emergence rate, phyllochron, leaf elongation rate, stem elongation rate, rate of leaf senescence, final length of leaf blade and life-span of leaves. In the establishment year, cv. Mulato produced the highest forage yields, followed by cvv. Xaraés and Massai, with gamba grass and koronivia grass worst. In the second year, cvv. Mulato, Xaraés and Marandu, and gamba grass showed highest forage production, while cvv. Massai and Piatã produced the least. All grasses showed a marked drop in production during the dry season. Cultivar Massai consistently had the highest leaf:stem ratio. The morphogenic and structural characteristics differed according to cultivar and season of the year. In general, leaf emergence rate, leaf elongation rate, stem elongation rate, rate of leaf senescence, final length of the leaf blade, number of live leaves per tiller and density of living tillers were higher in the rainy season, while the phyllochron and life-span of leaves were higher in the dry season. The results of this research highlight the potential of the Brachiaria cultivars Mulato and Xaraés, gamba grass and Panicum cv. Massai in subhumid Maranhão, northeast Brazil. ResumenEl estudio se realizó en el nordeste de Brasil con el objetivo de evaluar las características agronómicas, morfogénicas y estructurales de 9 gramíneas forrajeras tropicales durante la fase de establecimiento y el primer año de producción. Los tratamientos incluyeron: Brachiaria humidicola, Brachiaria híbrido cv. Mulato, Brachiaria brizantha cvs. Piatã, Xaraés y Marandu, Brachiaria ruziziensis, Brachiaria decumbens, Panicum híbrido cv. Massai y Andropogon gayanus. Las gramíneas fueron sembradas en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con 4 repeticiones. Se midieron los parámetros siguientes: producción total de forraje; relación hoja:tallo; densidad populacional de rebrotes; número de rebrotes muertos; tasa de aparición foliar; filocrono; tasas de elongación de hojas y tallos; tasa de senescencia foliar; longitud final de la lámina foliar; y duración de la vida útil de las hojas. En el año de establecimiento, Brachiaria hí-brido cv. Mulato produjo los mayores rendimientos de forraje, seguido por B. brizantha cv. Xaraés y Panicum híbrido cv. Massai, siendo A. gayanus y B. humidicola los de peor desempeño. En el segundo año, los cvs. M...

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Os tratamentos consistiram em três taxas de lotação e foram distribuídos em três piquetes: T 1 (3,1 an/ha), T 2 (1,5 an/ha) e T 3 (0 an/ha). Para análise dos dados, agruparam-se as leituras por datas nas respectivas semanas. Foi verificado efeito do pastejo sobre os parâmetros fenológicos observados, notadamente no tratamento com maior taxa de lotação, para as espécies do marmeleiro e da malva, ocasionando redução antecipada do total de folhas, flores e frutos, promovendo alteração na fenologia dessas espécies. Observou-se menor efeito do pastejo sobre a fenologia do pereiro, e não foi verificado efeito sobre a catingueira. Notou-se que os pulsos de precipitação foram suficientes para desencadear os eventos fenológicos nas espécies. A precipitação interferiu no comportamento fenológico das espécies, desencadeando o período de brotamento logo após os primeiros eventos de chuvas, bem como a floração e frutificação, acontecendo em meados do período chuvoso. A queda de folhas ocorre logo após o término do período chuvoso na catingueira, marmeleiro e malva, sendo mais persistente no pereiro.Palavras-chave: Caprinos, Semiárido e Variabilidade. PHENOLOGY OF FOUR CAATINGA SPECIES UNDER CONTINUOUS GRAZINGABSTRACT -The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of goat grazing on the phenology of Croton sonderianus Müll. Arg., Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tull, Malva sylvestris L. and on Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. in a Caatinga area in the Cariri in the state of Paraíba. The experiment was carried on the experimental farm "Bacia Escola" at the Federal University of Paraíba in São João do Cariri, state of Paraíba, in 2008. Five plants per paddock were monitorated, with weekly readings, totaling 28 in from March 5th 2008 to October19th, 2008 by observing the following variables: total number of leaves, green leaves, yellow leaves, dry leaves, fruit and flowers. The treatments consisted of three stocking rates and three pastures: T1 (3.1 an/ha), T2 (1.5 an/ha) and T3 (0 an/ha). For the analysis of the data, readings were grouped by date according to their respective weeks. It was noted effects of pasture on the observed phonological parameters, especially in the treatment with the largest stocking rate, for species of quince tree and mallow causing an 1 Recebido

SUMMARY The objectives of this research were to determine the effects increasing levels of concentrate on nutrients digestibility, performance, economic viability of diets and ingestive behavior of lambs. Fifteen crossbred lambs were used in a randomized complete block design according to initial body weight and age. Lambs were penned individually during 55 days, being 10 days for adaptation of diets and 45 days for data collection. The treatments consisted in three isonitrogenous diets with increasing levels of concentrate: 40, 60, or 80%, in dry matter basis. No effect (P>0.05) were observed on dry matter intake, crude protein intake, crude protein digestibility and neutral detergent fiber digestibility, whereas the dry matter digestibility was lower (P<0.01) for lambs fed diets with 40% of concentrate. The addition of 80% concentrate decreased (P<0.05) neutral detergent fiber intake, however this treatment provided higher average daily gain, followed by 60 and 40% of concentrate. In relation to feeding behavior, the animals fed80% concentrate spent more time with feeding (P<0.05) compared to the other treatments. It is concluded that supplementation of concentrate between 60 to 80% improves dry matter digestibility and performance of crossbred lambs without relevant affect dry matter intake and ingestive behavior. A diet with 80% concentrate provides positive gross margin of profit.

RESUMOA produção de painéis aglomerados no mundo é sustentada pelas espécies de Pinus spp. e Eucalyptus spp. Todavia, o uso de resíduos de epicarpo e endocarpo provenientes do processo de extração da amêndoa do coco babaçu pode ser uma alternativa de matéria prima à baixo custo. Nessa pesquisa, objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade técnica de utilização destes resíduos na produção de painéis aglomerados. Foram produzidos painéis 100% epicarpo (100EP), 100% endocarpo (100EN) e 50% epicarpo com 50% endocarpo (50EP) aglutinados com resina poliuretana bicomponente à base de óleo de mamona com um teor de 12% em relação ao peso seco das partículas. A avaliação dos painéis produzidos foi realizada com base nos procedimentos das Normas Técnicas NBR 14810-2 (ABNT, 2013) e ANSI A208.1 (ANSI, 2009) com caracterização física (densidade, inchamento em espessura e absorção de água em 2 e 24 h) e mecânica (adesão interna, módulo de elasticidade e módulo de ruptura na flexão estática). Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa indicam a inviabilidade técnica de utilização dos resíduos do coco babaçu na produção de painéis aglomerados, pois não atendem os valores mínimos de propriedades físicas exigidos pelos documentos normativos. No entanto, promovem excelente desempenho mecânico, especialmente o epicarpo do coco babaçu. Palavras-chave: insumos alternativos; painéis de madeira; propriedades físico-mecânicas Agglomerated panels made from babaçu coconut residues ABSTRACTThe particleboard manufacturing in the world is sustained by the species Pinus spp. and Eucalyptus spp. However, the use of waste epicarp and endocarp from the extraction process almond coconut babassu can be an alternative raw material at low cost. This research, objective was to assess the technical feasibility of using these residues in the production of particleboard. The panels were produced: 100% epicarp (100EP), 100% endocarp (100EN) and 50% epicarp 50% endocarp (50EP) bonded with polyurethane bi-component resin castor oil base with a 12% content on dry weight the particle. The evaluation of particleboard produced was based on the procedures of NBR Technical Standards 14810-2:2013 and ANSI A208.1:2009 with physical characteristics (density, thickness swelling and water absorption at 2 and 24 h) and mechanical (internal adhesion, modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture in bending). The results obtained in this research indicate the technical impossibility of using residues of babassu coconut in the production of agglomerated panels, since they do not meet the minimum values of physical properties required by normative documents. However, they promote excellent mechanical performance, especially the babassu coconut epicarp.

Twenty crossbred lambs (21.6 ± 3.5 kg BW) were used in a completely randomised design to determine the effects of babassu mesocarp flour (BMF) on performance and ingestive behaviour. The treatments were defined by the increase in concentrations (0, 10, 20 or 30%, in DM basis) of BMF in the diet. When significant treatments effects were found, orthogonal polynomials for treatment responses were determined by linear and quadratic responses (p < .05). To determine the in situ ruminal degradability of the diets used in performance trial, one rumen-fistulated Santa Inês male sheep (63 kg BW) was used in a completely randomised design in a split splot arrangement with three replications (three periods of incubation) in times 3, 6, 24 and 72 h. Data from potential degradability (PD), dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability for diets and the incubation time were compared by t-test (p < .05). Negative quadratic effect was observed upon nutrients intake, except for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake. The average daily gain, body condition score, feeding efficiency of DM and time spent in feeding decreased linearly with BMF addition. The BMF decreased the soluble fraction (a) potentially degradable fraction (b) PD, effective degradability of DM and CP and the NDF degradability. The addition of BMF in diets of sheep had negative effects on performance, feed efficiency of DM and degradability of DM, CP and NDF. However, the BMF can be used in diets, during the conventional grains off-season, at concentration up to 10.5% as alternative feed. HIGHLIGHTS The mesocarp produced from industrialization of the babassu coconut has a great content of fiber and lignin. The great content of fiber associated to decrease in degradation of fiber and potential degradability in DM and CP reduced the performance of lambs. Although the reduction of the performance, BMF can partially replace the corn in diets of lambs in periods that the price of this ingredient is great.