Objectives: Breech presentation is a recognized risk factor for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Within North America, there is a lack of consensus on screening guidelines for DDH in infants with a negative physical examination of the hips. This study evaluates the need for ultrasound screening in all breech born infants to detect DDH and whether this is influenced by gender, gestational age and mode of delivery. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted to identify breech born infants who underwent routine hip ultrasound to detect DDH between 2010 and 2015. Patients were grouped by physical exam and ultrasound findings and compared based on gender, gestational age and mode of delivery. Results: Three hundred and eighteen patients were identified (191 female, 127 male; 26 preterm, 57 late preterm, 235 term; 263 caesarean section delivery, 55 vaginal delivery). Three hundred and eight patients had a negative physical exam of which 27 were diagnosed with DDH based on screening ultrasound with females predominant (P<0.05). 12.50% of females with a negative physical exam had DDH compared to 3.23% of males (P<0.05). There was no difference in the rate of DDH detected by screening ultrasound based on gestational age (P=0.94) or mode of delivery (P=0.59). Conclusions: The diagnosis of DDH in breech born infants by screening ultrasound in those with a negative physical exam of the hips is more predominant in females, with no apparent association with gestational age or mode of delivery. Future analyses with larger sample sizes are needed before conclusions can be made on screening protocols.

Normal and crown gall tumor tissue cultures of tobacco had poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase associated with the chromatin and two poly(A) polymerases (separable by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography) with the soluble fraction. The two poly(A) polymerases resembled mammalian enzymes in molecular mass (65-70 kDa), K,,,*rP (0.1-0.2 mM), primer and substrate preference (poly(A) and ATP, respectively), pH optimum (8-8.5) cation requirement (0.25 mM Mr?+/l mM Mg2+ = 5-15) inhibition by 3'-dATP and sperrnine and lack of inhibition by cc-amanatin. Likewise the tobacco tumor tissue contained 4-times higher activities of both poly(A) polymerases and 6-times higher activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase as compared to the normal tissue indicating their enhanced function in transformed cells.

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