Multiple myeloma is largely incurable, despite development of therapies that target myeloma cell-intrinsic pathways. Disease relapse is thought to originate from dormant myeloma cells, localized in specialized niches, which resist therapy and repopulate the tumour. However, little is known about the niche, and how it exerts cell-extrinsic control over myeloma cell dormancy and reactivation. In this study, we track individual myeloma cells by intravital imaging as they colonize the endosteal niche, enter a dormant state and subsequently become activated to form colonies. We demonstrate that dormancy is a reversible state that is switched ‘on' by engagement with bone-lining cells or osteoblasts, and switched ‘off' by osteoclasts remodelling the endosteal niche. Dormant myeloma cells are resistant to chemotherapy that targets dividing cells. The demonstration that the endosteal niche is pivotal in controlling myeloma cell dormancy highlights the potential for targeting cell-extrinsic mechanisms to overcome cell-intrinsic drug resistance and prevent disease relapse.
Hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis are each associated with an increased risk of fracture. Although thyroxine (T4) is the predominant circulating thyroid hormone, target cell responses are determined by local intracellular availability of the active hormone 3,5,3′-L-triiodothyronine (T3), which is generated from T4 by the type 2 deiodinase enzyme (D2). To investigate the role of locally produced T3 in bone, we characterized mice deficient in D2 (D2KO) in which the serum T3 level is normal. Bones from adult D2KO mice have reduced toughness and are brittle, displaying an increased susceptibility to fracture. This phenotype is characterized by a 50% reduction in bone formation and a generalized increase in skeletal mineralization resulting from a local deficiency of T3 in osteoblasts. These data reveal an essential role for D2 in osteoblasts in the optimization of bone strength and mineralization.thyroid hormone metabolism | fracture | hypothyroidism | bone formation | skeleton T hyroid hormones are essential for linear growth and peak bone mass acquisition. In adults, thyrotoxicosis results in high bone turnover osteoporosis and increased susceptibility to fracture, whereas hypothyroidism reduces bone turnover (1-3). In previous studies, we identified thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) as the critical mediator of 3,5,3′-L-triiodothyronine (T3) action in bone (4-7). The aim of this study is to investigate the role of the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) as a local prereceptor modulator of T3 action in the skeleton.Thyroid hormone actions are determined by local availability of T3 to its nuclear receptor (8). D2 catalyzes removal of an outer ring 5′-iodine atom from the major circulating hormone thyroxine (T4) to generate the active metabolite T3. Conversely, the type 3 deiodinase (D3) inactivates both T4 and T3 by removal of an inner ring 5-iodine atom. Thus, D2 and D3, in conjunction with serum-derived T3, are important local modulators of thyroid hormone action in vivo. Expression of D2 and D3 is regulated in a temporo-spatial and tissue-specific manner, resulting in varying levels of T3 action in individual tissues despite relatively constant serum thyroid hormone levels (8).Mice deficient in D2 (D2KO) exhibit pituitary resistance to feedback regulation by T4 characterized by a 3-fold increase in serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), a 27% increase in the serum T4 level, but a normal T3 level. The increased TSH and T4 levels are evident as early as postnatal day (PD)10 (9). These changes are accompanied by cold intolerance, impaired hearing, and reduced brain T3 content (10). The type 1 deiodinase (D1) is widely believed to catalyze conversion of T4 to T3 in tissues such as liver and kidney, predominantly for export to plasma. Like the D2KO mice, D1/D2KO double-mutant mice exhibit increases in serum T4 and TSH and have a normal serum T3 level (10).The roles of D1 and D2 in regulating T3 action in the skeleton have not been studied, although limited information regarding growth is available. A minor and trans...
Bisphosphonates (BPs) inhibit bone resorption and are widely used for the treatment of bone diseases, including osteoporosis. BPs are also being studied for their effects on hydroxyapatite (HAP)-containing biomaterials. There is a growing appreciation that there are hitherto unexpected differences among BPs in their mineral binding affinities that affect their pharmacological and biological properties. To study these differences, we have developed a method based on fast performance liquid chromatography using columns of HAP to which BPs and other phosphate-containing compounds can adsorb and be eluted by using phosphate buffer gradients at pH 6.8. The individual compounds emerge as discrete and reproducible peaks for a range of compounds with different affinities. For example, the peak retention times (min; mean +/- SEM) were 22.0 +/- 0.3 for zoledronate, 16.16 +/- 0.44 for risedronate, and 9.0 +/- 0.28 for its phosphonocarboxylate analog, NE10790. These results suggest that there are substantial differences among BPs in their binding to HAP. These differences may be exploited in the development of biomaterials and may also partly explain the extent of their relative skeletal retention and persistence of biological effects observed in both animal and clinical studies.
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