This review summarizes the available evidence in the literature on the etiology, diagnosis, management, and prevention of vesicovaginal, urethrovaginal, ureterovaginal, vesicocervical, and vesicouterine fistulae. Urogenital fistula is divided by origin: obstetric fistula occurring predominantly in developing countries and iatrogenic fistula, the most common cause in developed countries.
IL-6 is upregulated after retinal I/R injury, and its expression by microglia/phagocytic cells may protect RGC layer neurons from I/R injury. Exogenously added IL-6 protects the inner retina after I/R injury.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.