a b s t r a c tCarp viscera oil can be obtained by both ensilage and fishmeal processes. This study examined the refinement of carp (Cyprinus carpio) oils obtained by both processes, and compared crude, neutralised, bleached, winterised and deodorised oils' characteristics and lipid profiles. Refined oils obtained by the two processes did not present significant difference (p > 0.05) for Lovibond colour, free fatty acids, and thiobarbituric acid values. The major fatty acids identified in the carp crude, bleached and refined oils were oleic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic and linolenic, constituting approximately 69.6% of the total fatty acids of the oils. The n À 3/n À 6 ratio was approximately 1.05 for refined oil. Therefore, carp viscera refined oil can be considered a rich source of essential fatty acids of the n À 3 and n À 6 series.

The aims of this study were to compare three treatments in the chemical hydrolysis reaction of bleached oil from carp (Cyprinus carpio) heads and to obtain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrates by urea complexation. The three treatments were carried out with different oil:ethanol molar ratios. In the treatment with a 1:39 molar ratio, a higher yield of free fatty acids was found. These fatty acids were submitted to urea complexation (-10°C for 20 h, and urea-fatty acid ratio of 4.5-1). There was a 31.4% increase in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA) content and a 75% decrease in saturated fatty acids (SAF) content. An increase of 85.4% in the EPA ? DHA content was found. The nonurea complexing fraction can be considered a rich source of MUFA and PUFA with a total amount of 88.9%.

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Films formed from polysaccharides, as chitosan, present a high permeability in water vapour. In order to increase resistance to water vapour for chitosan-based films, different lipid fractions were incorporated into a filmogenic matrix: fish and vegetable oils, stearic and oleic acids. The chitosan showed a molecular weight of 150 kDa and a deacetylation degree of 86 ± 1%. Results showed that incorporation of different lipid fractions decreased the water vapour permeability (WVP) (1.3-1.8 g mm m )2 day )1 kPa )1 ) as compared with pure chitosan film (3.8 g mm m )2 day )1 kPa )1 ). A higher reduction in WVP (65%) was found with the addition of refined fish oil to the continuous matrix of the films than with the addition of refined rice oil, oleic or stearic acid (50-60%). However, pure chitosan films showed better tensile strength (TS = 33 MPa) and elongation percentage (E = 18%) than lipids fraction-chitosan films (7-19 MPa and 7-13%, respectively).