End-of-life care represents a complex interaction between the care issues and the partners involved in care. Despite this complexity, staff were committed to the provision of end-of-life care.

Kohn and Movshon [Kohn, A., & Movshon, J. (2003). Neuronal adaptation to visual motion in area MT of the macaque. Neuron, 39, 681-691; Kohn, A., & Movshon, J. A. (2004). Adaptation changes the direction tuning of macaque MT neurons. Nature Neuroscience, 7(7), 764-772] measured the contrast response functions of single neurons in MT (V5) before and after adaptation to high contrast gratings. They found that when gratings were smaller than the MT receptive field, so that adapting and test regions could be either co-localised or non-overlapping, adaptation was spatially specific. This led to the hypothesis that grating adaptation occurs in V1, where receptive fields are small and retinotopically organized, and that MT merely inherits this adaptation. We predicted that spatial specificity would be less for dot stimuli that probably adapt MT cells directly. Also, given recent contradictory claims that hMT primarily exhibits both spatiotopy [d'Avossa, G., Tosetti, M., Crespi, S., Biagi, L., Burr, D., & Morrone, M. (2006). Spatiotopic selectivity of BOLD responses to visual motion in human area MT. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 249-255] and retinotopy [Gardner, J. L., Merriam, E. P., Movshon, J. A., & Heeger, D. J. (2008). Maps of visual space in human occipital cortex are retinotopic, not spatiotopic. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 3988-3999], we were interested in producing relevant psychophysical evidence using the direction aftereffect. In three experiments, we measured direction aftereffects (DAEs) induced and tested either with drifting gratings or drifting dots when stimulus location was changed both retinotopically and spatiotopically between adaptation and test; when retinotopic location only was changed; and when spatiotopic location only was changed. We predicted and found that spatial specificity was greater for gratings than for dots. We also found very small spatiotopic effects that call into question some recent claims that area MT exhibits a high degree of spatiotopicity.

People with ID have a fundamental right to know about dying and death. Sophisticated staff skills are required to ensure that people with ID can meaningfully engage with end-of-life issues as opportunities arise.

No abstract

Direction repulsion is the illusory expansion of the angle between two directions of motion, and may occur when the two directions are presented simultaneously (an illusion) or successively (an aftereffect). Here we demonstrate that the motion direction illusion (DI) and aftereffect (DAE) have different mechanisms. Two experiments show that when the two interacting stimuli are presented to different eyes, the DI is greatly reduced but the DAE is obtained at near to full strength. These results suggest that different populations of cells within the visual pathway produce the DI and DAE.