We present a photon counting experiment designed for an undergraduate physics
laboratory. The statistics of the number of photons of a pseudo-thermal light
source is studied in two limiting cases: much longer and much shorter than the
coherence time, giving Poisson and Bose-Einstein distributions, respectively.
The experiment can be done in a reasonable time using a digital oscilloscope
without the need of counting boards. The use of the oscilloscope has the
advantage of allowing the storage of the data for further processing. The
stochastic nature of the detection phenomena adds additional value because
students are forced to do data processing and analysis.Comment: 13 pages, 9 Figures, 1 Table, Original File Type: MS-Word, Submitted
File type: pdf - Last Version: Whole paper improvement, references adde
Trentingrana hard cheese is a geographic specification of the PDO Grana Padano. It is produced according to an internal regulation by many cooperative dairy factories in the Trentino region (northern Italy), using a semi-artisanal process (the only allowed ingredients are milk, salt, and rennet). Within the PSR project TRENTINGRANA, colorimetric and textural measurements have been collected from 317 cheese wheels, which were sampled bi-monthly from all the consortium dairies (n = 15) within the timeframe of two years, to estimate the effect on physical properties related to the season of the year and the dairy factory implant. To estimate the effect of the dairy and the time of the year, considering the internal variability of each cheese wheel, a linear mixed-effect model combined with a simultaneous component analysis (LMM-ASCA) is proposed. Results show that all the factors have a significant effect on the colorimetric and textural properties of the cheese. There are five clusters of dairies producing cheese with similar properties, three different couples of months of the year when the cheese produced is significantly different from all the others, and the effect of the geometry of the cheese wheel is reported as well.
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