Abstract:In this first part of our work about innovation in biorefineries, the biomass is previously treated to separate cellulose from other components of the vegetal biomass, followed by acid hydrolysis to produce glucose, which is then fermented to produce second generation (2G) ethanol. The unwanted biomass generated in this first stage will be submitted to pyrolysis to produce biochar, bio-oil, and biogas in a subsequent bio-refinery procedure. In this work, elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum) were subjected to acid hydrolysis, under atmospheric pressure, as an example of the initial part of the process. Higher cellulose yield was obtained for sugarcane bagasse than for elephant grass, with values of 45 % and 32 %, respectively. In evaluation of the sugar produced, the two grasses showed values of approximately 13 g/100 g of dry biomass. In terms of the 2G ethanol obtained, sugarcane bagasse presented a yield of 96 L.t -1 of dry biomass, while the elephant grass yielded 79 L.t -1. Despite the fact that sugarcane bagasse showed a higher 2G ethanol production potential, elephant grass is a good alternative, due to its adaptability and capacity to grow in various climates and under adverse soil conditions. Keywords: Biorefineries; elephant grass; sugarcane bagasse; 2G ethanol; acid hydrolysis. ResumoNesta primeira parte do nosso trabalho sobre inovação em biorrefinarias, a biomassa é previamente tratada para separar a celulose de outros componentes da biomassa vegetal, seguida de hidrólise ácida para produzir glicose, a qual é fermentada para produzir etanol de segunda geração (2G). A biomassa residual gerada nesta primeira será submetida à pirólise para produzir biochar, bio-óleo, e biogás em um procedimento subsequente de biorrefinaria. Neste trabalho, capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum) e bagaço de cana (Saccharum officinarum) foram submetidos à hidrólise ácida, sob pressão atmosférica, como um exemplo da parte inicial do processo. O maior rendimento de celulose foi obtido para o bagaço de cana do que para o capim-elefante, com valores de 45 % e 32 %, respectivamente. Na avaliação do açúcar produzido, as duas gramíneas mostraram valores de cerca 13 g/100 g de biomassa seca. Em termos do etanol 2G obtido, o bagaço de cana apresentou um rendimento de 96 L.t -1 de biomassa seca, enquanto o capim-elefante rendeu 79 L.t -1. Apesar do fato de que o bagaço de cana apresentar maior potencial de produção 2G etanol, o capim-elefante não deixa de ser uma boa alternativa, devido à sua adaptabilidade e capacidade de crescer em vários climas e sob condições adversas de solo.Palavras-chave: Biorrefinarias; capim elefante; bagaço de cana; etanol 2G; hidrólise ácida.
One of the highlighted areas in the development of new materials is the generation of micro-and nanoparticles as drug carriers which allow the progress in formulations with the ability to release active agents in a controlled way. The proanthocyanidins (PAC) extracted from the bark of the Black Wattle have stood out for their biological activities. However, most polyflavonoids have some features which limit their application in the pharmaceutical field, such as light fastness, low bioavailability of active agents, and unpleasant taste. In this context, this study aims to present the synthesis and characterization of PAC-loaded lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microparticles obtained by the multiple emulsion method. The incorporation of PAC into PLGA was successfully achieved with PAC encapsulation efficiency around 73%. Spherical microparticles were obtained with a size distribution in the range of 0.6 to 2.4 μm. The presence of PAC modified the thermal properties of the PLGA matrix. The results of in vitro assays with Vero and T24 lineage celss showed that PLGA/PAC microparticles did not promote any effect on cell proliferation by MTT assay after 24 h. The novel Acacia mearnsii proanthocyanidin-loaded PLGA microparticles have potential for application in biological systems.
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