ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) science operations activities are centralised at ESAC's Science Operations Centre (SOC). The SOC receives the inputs from the principal investigators (PIs) in order to implement and deliver the spacecraft pointing requests and instrument timelines to the Mission Operations Centre (MOC). The high number of orbits per planning cycle has made it necessary to abstract the planning interactions between the SOC and the PI teams at the observation level. This paper describes the modelling approach we have conducted for TGO's instruments to streamline science operations. We have created dynamic observation types that scale to adapt to the conditions specified by the PI teams including observation timing, and pointing block parameters calculated from observation geometry. This approach is considered and improvement with respect to previous missions where the generation of the observation pointing and commanding requests was performed manually by the instrument teams. Automation software assists us to effectively handle the high density of planned orbits with increasing volume of scientific data and to successfully meet opportunistic scientific goals and objectives. Our planning tool combines the instrument observation definition files provided by the PIs together with the flight dynamics products to generate the Pointing Requests and the instrument timeline (ITL). The ITL contains all the validated commands at the TC sequence level and computes the resource envelopes (data rate, power, data volume) within the constraints. At the SOC, our main goal is to maximise the science output while minimising the number of iterations among the teams, ensuring that the timeline does not violate the state transitions allowed in the Mission Operations Rules and Constraints Document.
The next generation of missions in NASA's Human Space Flight program focuses on the development and deployment of highly complex systems (e.g., Orion MultiPurpose Crew Vehicle, Space Launch System, 21 st Century Ground System) that will enable astronauts to venture beyond low Earth orbit and explore the moon, near-Earth asteroids, and beyond. Architecting these highly complex system-of-systems requires formal systems engineering techniques for managing the evolution of the technical features in the information exchange domain (e.g., data exchanges, communication networks, ground software) and also, formal correlation of the technical architecture to stakeholders' programmatic concerns (e.g., budget, schedule, risk) and design development (e.g., assumptions, constraints, trades, tracking of unknowns). This paper will describe how the authors have applied System Modeling Language (SysML) to implement model-based systems engineering for managing the description of the End-to-End Information System (EEIS) architecture and associated development activities and ultimately enables stakeholders to understand, reason, and answer questions about the EEIS under design for proposed lunar Exploration Missions 1 and 2 (EM-1 and EM-2). I. Introduction his paper describes the use of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) with SysML to enable more robust and complete systems engineering and integrated analysis of complex System-of-Systems (SoS) problems which have historically been implemented via paper/presentation-based design capture, disparate models, in documents, and in the brains of expert engineers across many disciplines. This paper describes constructs, rules, and methods applied in developing a model conforming to a rigorous and engineered structure that supports views for domain experts, analysis and tracking of stakeholder concerns, and standardized analysis that uses the relationships between the traditional system views to provide cross-cutting reasoning. A. Background-To the Moon with Exploration Missions 1 and 2 Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1) will send an unmanned Orion MultiPurpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) around the moon on a 7-to-10 day mission to qualify NASA's new Space Launch System (SLS), and verify Orion MPCV's readiness to carry astronauts beyond Earth orbit. EM-1 is targeted for launch in late-2017. Subsequently, Exploration Mission 2 (EM-2) will send a crew of four astronauts on a 10-to-14 day mission to the moon, where astronauts will spend four days in lunar orbit to test critical mission events and perform operations in relevant environments to support exploration to more distant points beyond Earth orbit. EM-2 is targeted for launch in mid-2019. To accomplish these missions we must coordinate a significant number of diverse terrestrial and space-based systems including: MPCV; SLS; supporting space and terrestrial communication facilities (provided the USAF,
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