Preface xiv Generalities about towns References 2 Air pollution calculations for urban areas 2.1 Air pollution calculation-or modelling? A semantic discussion 2.2 Outline, systematisation and purpose: engineering calculations 2.3 The bounds: what can be attempted and the limits of accuracy 2.4 How do we choose a model? 19 2.5 The verification of calculations: validation techniques 20 References 25 3 Multi-source gaussian plume concepts for short-time computations 27 3.1 Closed solutions of the diffusion equation 27 3.2 Second-order closure and other techniques 36 3.3 A summary of gaussian plume and analogous (sector) shorttime models 38 3.3.1 The Lucas model 38 3.3.2 The Turner model 39 3.3.3 The Clarke model 42 v VI CONTENTS 3.3.4 The Miller and Holzworth model 3.3.5 The Ott, Clarke and Ozolins model 3.3.6 The Koogler, Sholtes, Davis and Harding model 3.3.7 The Smith and Singer model 3.3.8 The model used by Bowne and coworkers 3.3.9 The Koch and Thayer model 3.3.10 The model used by Shieh and coworkers 3.3.11 The Bringfelt, Hjorth and Ring model 3.3.12 The Porter and Christiansen model References 4 Critical considerations and improvements to the short-time gaussian plume models 4.1 A sensitivity analysis of the multiple-source gaussian plume urban diffusion model 4.1.1 Receptor location 71 4.1.2 Diffusion parameters 71 4.1.3 Pollutant half-life 4.1.4 Wind speed and profile parameter value 4.1.5 Lid height 4.1.6 Wind direction 4.1.7 Diurnal variation in emission rates 4.2 Amendments relating to the basic gaussian short-time models 4.2.1 An adaptation for incorporating multiple-station data input 4.2.2 Algorithms for calm periods 4.2.3 An extension of the gaussian plume model in order to incorporate fast chemical reactions 4.3 The gaussian plume model combined with street-canyon or highway submodules References
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