Polyphenols are the important active compounds present in the fruits of Lycium barbarum L. The objectives of this study were to develop an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (UHPLC-UV) method for qualitative and quantitative analyses of phenolic acids and flavonoids in fruits of L. barbarum L. The isolation and enrichment of polyphenols from fruits were carried out by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) in conjunction with solid-phase extraction (SPE). The analytes were separated on a Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column using a binary mobile phase composed of aqueous 0.05 % trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile in the gradient elution mode. Under these conditions, phenolic acids and flavonoids were separated in 11 min. The selectivity of the developed UHPLC-UV method was confirmed by comparison with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis. The validation parameters such as linearity, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy were found to be highly satisfactory. The optimized method was successfully applied to the analysis of polyphenols in fruits of L. barbarum L. Additionally, their free radicalscavenging activity was assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH • ).

Late chronotype is linked to greater cortical thickness in the left fusiform and entorhinal gyri Humans can be classified as early, intermediate and late chronotypes based on the preferred sleep and wakefulness patterns. The anatomical basis of these distinctions remains largely unexplored. Using magnetic resonance imaging data from 113 healthy young adults (71 females), we aimed to replicate cortical thickness and grey matter volume chronotype differences reported earlier in the literature using a greater sample size, as well as to explore the volumetric white matter variation linked to contrasting circadian phenotypes. Instead of comparing the chronotypes, we correlated the individual chronotype scores with their morphometric brain measures. The results revealed one cluster in the left fusiform and entorhinal gyri showing increased cortical thickness with increasing preference for eveningness, potentially providing an anatomical substrate for chronotype-sensitive affective processing. No significant results were found for grey and white matter volume. We failed to replicate cortical thickness and volumetric grey matter distinctions in the brain regions reported in the literature. Furthermore, we found no association between white matter volume and chronotype. Thus, while this study confirms that circadian preference is associated with specific structural substrates, it adds to the growing concerns that reliable and replicable neuroimaging research requires datasets much larger than those commonly used.

Humans can be classified as early, intermediate and late chronotypes based on the preferred sleep and wakefulness patterns. The anatomical basis of these distinctions remains largely unexplored. Using magnetic resonance imaging data from 113 healthy young adults (71 females), we aimed to replicate cortical thickness and grey matter volume chronotype differences reported earlier in the literature using a greater sample size, as well as to explore the volumetric white matter variation linked to contrasting circadian phenotypes. Instead of comparing the chronotypes, we correlated the individual chronotype scores with their morphometric brain measures. The results revealed one cluster in the left fusiform and entorhinal gyri showing increased cortical thickness with increasing preference for eveningness, potentially providing an anatomical substrate for chronotype-sensitive affective processing. No significant results were found for grey and white matter volume. We failed to replicate cortical thickness and volumetric grey matter distinctions in the brain regions reported in the literature. Furthermore, we found no association between white matter volume and chronotype. Thus, while this study confirms that circadian preference is associated with specific structural substrates, it adds to the growing concerns that reliable and replicable neuroimaging research requires datasets much larger than those commonly used.

In recent decades magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has established itself as the golden standard for studying human brain structure in health and disease. As a result, it has become increasingly more important to identify factors that may influence study outcomes and contribute to misleading conclusions. With the regional time-of-day (TOD) differences in structural brain metrics utterly neglected and several studies reporting inconsistent TOD changes on the global brain level, this work set out to investigate this phenomenon with voxel-based (VBM) and surface-based morphometry (SBM) using the largest longitudinal dataset to date (N = 77). VBM revealed ubiquitous and often bilaterally symmetric differences in local grey and white matter volume across multiple cortical and subcortical brain regions. The impact of TOD on regional SBM indices was less pronounced than for VBM, and no significant effects were observed for the global volume- and surface-based anatomical metrics. Our findings likely reflect a combination of experience- and circadian-related processes, with the former possibly linked to memory formation. By showing that TOD has a prevalent effect on local anatomical brain metrics, our study underlines the need for this factor to be strictly controlled at the stage of experimental planning and data analysis.

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Humans can be classified as early, intermediate and late chronotypes based on the preferred sleep and wakefulness patterns. The anatomical basis of these distinctions remains largely unexplored. Using magnetic resonance imaging data from 113 healthy young adults (71 females), we aimed to replicate cortical thickness and grey matter volume chronotype differences reported earlier in the literature using a greater sample size, as well as to explore the volumetric white matter variation linked to contrasting circadian phenotypes. Instead of comparing the chronotypes, we correlated the individual chronotype scores with their morphometric brain measures. The results revealed one cluster in the left fusiform and entorhinal gyri showing increased cortical thickness with increasing preference for eveningness, potentially providing an anatomical substrate for chronotype-sensitive affective processing. No significant results were found for grey and white matter volume. We failed to replicate cortical thickness and volumetric grey matter distinctions in the brain regions reported in the literature. Furthermore, we found no association between white matter volume and chronotype. Thus, while this study confirms that circadian preference is associated with specific structural substrates, it adds to the growing concerns that reliable and replicable neuroimaging research requires datasets much larger than those commonly used.

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Rzeka Mekong, przepływająca przez Chiny, Birmę/Mjanmę, Laos, Tajlandię, Kambodżę oraz Wietnam, tworzy dorzecze, od którego zależy byt ponad 70 mln ludzi. Sytuacja w regionie ma szczególne znaczenie dla rybołówstwa i rolnictwa w ostatnich czterech z grupy wymienionych powyżej państw. Z tego też względu już od lat 50. XX wieku wspomniane kraje indochińskie współpracują wokół zasobów Mekongu, tworząc regionalne organizacje integracyjne. W ostatnich latach największą uwagę w dorzeczu przykuwa hydroenergetyka. Mimo zagrożeń, jakie niesie za sobą budowa dużych i licznych elektrowni wodnych, państwa Półwyspu Indochińskiego, w szczególności Laos i Kambodża, planują rozwój swojego potencjału. Celem artykułu jest analiza relacji hydropolitycznych w dolnym biegu rzeki Mekong, zwłaszcza w perspektywie nowych -ABSTRACT -Th e Mekong River which runs through China, Myanmar, Laos, Th ailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam creates basin where more than 70 million people live. Situation in this region has great infl uence on agriculture and fi shery, particularly in the last four aforementioned countries. Th erefore those states has been cooperating with each other over the water resources since the 1950s. Nowadays, attention is focused on hydroenergy. Despite the fact that growing number of hydropower plants poses a threat for the environment, the Lower Mekong Basin countries, like Laos and Cambodia, are planning to exploit their hydropower potential. Th e main purpose of this article is to analyze hydropolitical relations between the LMB states, especially in the face of new challenges like functioning of hydroelectric power stations in China and development of water