Two out of three diseases of the prostate gland affect aging men worldwide. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement affecting millions of men. Prostate cancer (PCa) in turn is the second leading cause of cancer death. The factors influencing the occurrence of BPH and PCa are different; however, in the course of these two diseases, the overexpression of heat shock proteins is observed. Heat shock proteins (HSPs), chaperone proteins, are known to be one of the main proteins playing a role in maintaining cell homeostasis. HSPs take part in the process of the proper folding of newly formed proteins, and participate in the renaturation of damaged proteins. In addition, they are involved in the transport of specific proteins to the appropriate cell organelles and directing damaged proteins to proteasomes or lysosomes. Their function is to protect the proteins against degradation factors that are produced during cellular stress. HSPs are also involved in modulating the immune response and the process of apoptosis. One well-known factor affecting HSPs is the androgen receptor (AR)—a main player involved in the development of BPH and the progression of prostate cancer. HSPs play a cytoprotective role and determine the survival of cancer cells. These chaperones are often upregulated in malignancies and play an indispensable role in tumor progression. Therefore, HSPs are considered as one of the therapeutic targets in anti-cancer therapies. In this review article, we discuss the role of different HSPs in prostate diseases, and their potential as therapeutic targets.
Uprawianie sportu, wyczynowo lub rekreacyjnie, wiąże się z niebezpieczeństwem urazów narządu ruchu. Mimo pozytywnego wpływu ruchu fizycznego na organizm człowieka, zbyt duże obciążenie pracą naraża organizm na powstawanie mikro- i makrotraumy. Każda dyscyplina sportu charakteryzuje się własnymi zasadami oraz specyfiką gry i treningu. Gry zespołowe wyróżnia duża zmienna czynników wpływających na sportowca. Najbardziej traumatyczne dyscypliny sportowe to piłka nożna i siatkówka. Celem badań była ocena i porównanie urazów występujących u kobiet trenujących jedną z ww. dyscyplin. Wykazano, że zarówno u piłkarzy, jak i siatkarzy najczęstszymi urazami kończyny dolnej były skręcenia stawu skokowego, a zaraz po nich naderwania/naderwania więzadeł stawu kolanowego. W okolicy kończyny górnej u piłkarzy odnotowano wysoki odsetek kontuzji barku, co może mieć związek z kontaktowym charakterem gry. Siatkarze częściej doznawali kontuzji paliczków.
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