Due to their pictographic nature, emojis come with baked-in, grounded semantics. Although this makes emojis promising candidates for new forms of more accessible communication, it is still unknown to what degree humans agree on the inherent meaning of emojis when encountering them outside of concrete textual contexts. To bridge this gap, we collected a crowdsourced dataset (made publicly available) of one-word descriptions for 1,289 emojis presented to participants with no surrounding text. The emojis and their interpretations were then examined for ambiguity. We find that, with 30 annotations per emoji, 16 emojis (1.2%) are completely unambiguous, whereas 55 emojis (4.3%) are so ambiguous that the variation in their descriptions is as high as that in randomly chosen descriptions. Most emojis lie between these two extremes. Furthermore, investigating the ambiguity of different types of emojis, we find that emojis representing symbols from established, yet not cross-culturally familiar code books (e.g., zodiac signs, Chinese characters) are most ambiguous. We conclude by discussing design implications.

Fish production can generate high amounts of wastewater containing compounds such as suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus. On the other hand, fish ponds provide a range of ecological functions including biocenotic, physiocenotic, hydrological and microclimatic functions as well as landscape shaping. The aim of this study was to determine the taxonomic composition of the bottom invertebrate fauna in selected watercourses on chosen carp fish farms and to assess the influence of fish farming on the taxonomic composition of the zoobenthos of the watercourses associated with such ponds. The research was conducted in four channels on two semi-intensive aquaculture fish farms located in Zaborze and Kraków (Poland). Sampling of the benthic fauna was carried out once a month between May and September 2018. The results showed that the mean monthly number of zoobenthos families in the inflow canal in Zaborze was higher than those in the outflow canal. Moreover, a decrease of the BMWP-PL index in the aforementioned farm may indicate a deterioration of the water quality resulting from its flow through the ponds. It can therefore be concluded that semi-intensive carp farming may affect the diversity of benthic invertebrate fauna in the watercourses connected to these ponds.

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Aim of the studyThe paper presents an assessment of capacity of a drop hydraulic structure, which was partially destroyed, and provides a description of slow renaturalization of a riverbed in this area. As a result of damage to the hydrotechnical structure caused by natural processes, some elements detached from the structure were deposited in an energy dissipation basin and in the riverbed downstream of the structure, impeding rock and vegetal debris traffic. These fluvial processes formed a cascade-like structure that led to a change in the regime of water flow through the hydrotechnical structure that was not planned or designed originally. Material and methodsDue to partial destruction of the structure, the water flow regime was so drastically altered that it is possible for various species of fish to cross this section of river without any additional constructions like fish passes. Field measurements determined six potential fish migration routes through the damaged structure's area. Then each fish migration route was evaluated against the possibility for fish to pass through the structure. Results and conclusionsThe analysis showed that the partly damaged drop hydraulic structure creates favourable conditions for migration of some fish species. It can be concluded that the elements detached from the drop hydraulic structure and deposited downstream should not be removed from the riverbed, because they improve the environmental conditions for aquatic organisms in terms of their migration.

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