This article presents the results of a dissection series investigating a previously neglected ligamentous structure attached to the human occipital bone, the Ligamentum condylicum posterius or posterior condylar ligament, and relates these results to the manifestation of a likewise poorly recognized occipital bony variation, the Processus condylicus posterior. The dissection of 50 human cranio‐cervical junctions revealed the existence of the posterior condylar ligament in 98% of all cases, sometimes containing free elongated ossicles and osseous spurs at the insertion points at the occipital bone. In two cases the osseous formation of a Processus condylicus posterior became apparent (4%), which further provided the opportunity to study the behaviour of the ligament in these cases. In this article, we show and discuss that the posterior condylar ligament and osseous structures possibly derive from tissue that originates from the material of the dorsal arch of the Proatlas, a rudimentary vertebra between occipital bone and atlas. For this purpose, the Ponticulus atlantis posterior as another Proatlas‐manifestation, whose origin from the dorsal Proatlas‐arch is widely accepted in literature, is considered. This bony variant was found in 11 specimens (22%) in the present study and further served to classify and interpret the findings of the much rarer Processus condylicus posterior. As a result of this dissection series and a review of literature on this understudied topic, a typology of manifestations of the posterior condylar ligament, Processus condylicus posterior and related structures like free ossicles has been introduced.
The human craniocervical junction (CCJ) is an anatomically variable region (Christ, 1990;Prescher, 1997), which offers a wide range of morphological peculiarities. Occasionally, new macroanatomical findings and their clinical relevance are brought to light
Das vegetative Nervensystem hält für die Bauchorgane mit dem
Parasympathikus und dem Sympathikus 2 zentrale und für das Darmrohr
zusätzlich mit dem Auerbach- und Meissner-Plexus 2 periphere
Versorgungseinheiten bereit. Die beiden Letzteren werden als enterisches
Nervensystem zusammengefasst, das autonom den Darm steuern kann. Diese Steuerung
ist vom Mikrobiom des Darms abhängig und für zahlreiche
Pathologien grundlegend. Die beiden extrinsischen Einheiten kontrollieren auch
das Abwehrsystem der Bauchorgane, deren Immunzellen für den direkten
Kontakt mit Aktivität modulierenden Rezeptoren ausgestattet sind. Eine
weitere wichtige Rolle der vegetativen Innervation liegt in der Nozizeption, die
als wesentlicher Regulator für Entzündungen weit mehr als nur
ein Alarmsystem ist. Bei der Nozizeption gibt es keine klare Trennung von der
Propriozeption.
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