A heuristic approach to identifying candidate materials with low, temperature-independent thermal conductivity above room temperature is described. On the basis of this approach, a number of compounds with thermal conductivities lower than that of 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia and fused silica have been found. Three compounds, in particular, the Zr 3 Y 4 O 12 delta phase, the tungsten bronzes, and the La 2 Mo 2 O 9 phase, exhibit potential for low thermal conductivity applications. As each can exhibit extensive substitutional solid solution with other, high atomic mass ions, there is the prospect that many more compounds with low thermal conductivity will be discovered.
The optical reflectance of dense, metastable, tetragonal‐prime zirconia plates, made by densifying electron beam physical vapor‐deposited powder, is reported as a function of temperature up to 1673 K (1400°C) over the range of 400–1500 cm−1 (6.67–25 μm). Curve fitting of the reflectance as a function of temperature was performed using two different damped oscillator models, each with three infrared (IR)‐active modes. Oscillator parameters were then used to calculate the values of the indices of refraction and absorption as a function of temperature using the classical dispersion theory. The reflectance data of tetragonal‐prime yttria‐stabilized zirconia at room temperature are qualitatively similar to that reported for the equilibrium tetragonal phase in that it can be fit with three IR‐active modes.
Process Models (PM) are visual documentations of the business processes within or across enterprises. Activities (tasks) are arranged together into a model (i.e., similar to flowcharts). This study aimed at understanding the underlying structure of PM comprehension. Though standards for describing PM have been defined, the cognitive work load they evoke, their structure, and the efficacy of information transmission are only partially understood. Two studies were conducted to better differentiate the concept of visual literacy (VL) and logical reasoning in interpreting PM.Study I: A total of 1047 students from 52 school classes were assessed. Three different process models of increasing complexity were presented on tablets. Additionally, written labels of the models' elements were randomly allocated to scholars in a 3-group between-subjects design. Comprehension of process models was assessed by a series of 3 × 4 ( = 12) dichotomous test items. Latent Class Analysis of solved items revealed 6 qualitatively differing solution patterns, suggesting that a single test score is insufficient to reflect participants' performance.Study II: Overall, 21 experts and 15 novices with respect to visual literacy were presented the same set of PMs as in Study I, while wearing eye tracking glasses. The fixation duration on relevant parts of the PM and on questions were recorded, as well as the total time needed to solve all 12 test items. The number of gaze transitions between process model and comprehension questions was measured as well. Being an expert in visual literacy did not alter the capability of correctly understanding graphical logical PMs. Presenting PMs that are labelled by single letters had a significant influence on reducing the time spent on irrelevant model parts but did not affect the fixation duration on relevant areas of interest.Both samples' participants required longer response times with increasing model complexity. The number of toggles (i.e., gaze transitions between model and statement area of interest) was predictive for membership in one of the latent classes. Contrary to expectations, denoting the PM events and decisions not with real-world descriptions, but with single letters, led to lower cognitive workload in responding to comprehension questions and to better results. Visual Literacy experts could neither outperform novices nor high-school students in comprehending PM.
Digitization is advancing rapidly in many prevalently analogue domains such as healthcare. For the latter domain, the synergies with modern information technologies (IT) have become an integral part regarding communication and collaboration. For this reason, a comprehensible language is of importance in order to allow a frictionless exchange of information between domain experts. The Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) 2.0 represents a promising notation that may be applied as lingua franca. Although the BPMN 2.0 is widespread applied by experts in business and industry, little experience exists how BPMN 2.0 is adopted in healthcare. In order to assess how BPMN 2.0 is deployed in healthcare, we conducted a preliminary eye tracking study, in which n = 16 professionals from healthcare comprehended a particular BPMN 2.0 process model. The results indicate that BPMN 2.0 might be a candidate for a lingua franca to foster the comprehensible exchange of information as well as collaboration between healthcare and IT.
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