The applications of magnetic materials and magnetic fields in medicine are reviewed. Direct biological effects of magnetic fields, clinical uses of the mechanical force exerted by magnets, and magnetic analysis as a tool in biochemistry are considered. The authors' applications of the technology of fine particle iron to the treatment of cancer and mental disease, for investigation of basic biochemistry and for diagnostic purposes are discussed. A significant step in these applications has been the discovery of sublingual assimilation of fine particle iron.
The magnetic configuration of a submicrometer Ni 88 Fe 12 permalloy island has been quantitatively mapped by off-axis electron holography. The two main contributions to the electron-optical phase shift, namely the phase shifts induced by the electrostatic and magnetic potentials, including fringing fields, were separated by inverting the specimen of 180°with respect to the electron beam and directly measuring the mean inner potential. A quantitative map of the projected magnetic induction in the sample was thereby retrieved and compared to results of micromagnetic and electromagnetic calculations, providing the minimum-energy configuration and the phase shift, respectively.
Hyperbranched polymers are synthesized via a cobalt(II) mediated emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The concentration of divinyl monomer and chain transfer activity have to be balanced in order to prevent gelation of the polymer particles. The physiochemical properties of the cobalt(II) complex, specifically the intrinsic chain transfer activity and the partitioning behavior, play a crucial role in governing the polymer architecture (i.e., branched versus cross-linked). Furthermore, an empirical correlation, based on the chain transfer frequency and the divinyl monomer mol fraction, is presented and validated with the results obtained in emulsion polymerization as well as with available literature data.
Problems inherent to magnetic alignment of alpha iron crystals are discussed and explained by electron microscopic observation of the behavior of the single domain crystals under the effect of magnetic fields. With these specimens, which possess a fraction of magnetically unfavorable dendrites, intrinsic coercive forces of over 1700 oersteds have been measured without alignment.
``By no endeavour can a magnet ever attract a silver churn''
(W. S. Gilbert: Patience, Act II).
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