Black currant berries contain many biochemical compounds with proven or potential human health benefits. We studied the content of total and single polyphenols, ascorbic acid, soluble sugars, and titratable acidity for two advanced selections and three cultivars of black currant at two distant locations in Sweden (south: 56°06'N; north: 65°21'N) over a 3 year period. Regression analyses revealed the effect of genotype to be considerably larger than that of location and year. However, significant effects of location, year, and interactions were also revealed. A principal component analysis nevertheless separated the genotypes. The content of ascorbic acid, total phenols, total anthocyanins, and soluble sugars was highest in berries from the south, whereas the content of phenolic acids and titratable acidity was highest in berries from the north. The results show that selection of cultivars and production sites are important for cultivation of high-quality black currant raw material for health-promoting products.

Although the fruits are the economic driver for the black currant industry, the buds and leaves are excellent sources of beneficial phenolic compounds that may contribute to the future value of the crop. In this study, extraction of phenolic compounds for different parts of the black currant plant was optimized, and an efficient method for their separation by HPLC was developed. This allowed the simultaneous quantification of a range of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, and anthocyanins by DAD following their identification by HPLC-ESI-MS(n). A total of 23 compounds were detected in the buds, 22 of which were found in fruit and leaves. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of flavonol glycosides of quercetin, myricetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol along with hydroxycinnamic acids such as neo-chlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid in the buds. Additionally, we provide the first evidence of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside in black currant leaves. This approach offers avenues for superior combined compositional identification and cultivar selection targeted at the generation of polyphenol-rich products derived from the whole crop and not just the fruit.

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Interactions between phenolic compounds in black currant leaves and foliar diseases may be important in breeding for resistant genotypes with a nutritional high profile for human applications. For increased understanding of such interactions, we evaluated the presence of major fungal diseases by visual inspection, and content of phenolic compounds by HPLC in leaves of five segregating black currant breeding populations. Eight individual flavonols (e.g. quercetin-3-Oglucoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside and kaempferol-malonylgucoside), three flavan-3-ols (epigallocatechin, catechin and epicatechin) and two chlorogenic acids (neochlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid) were significantly correlated to the leaf diseases. Rib-0701 was the population possessing the highest content for several of the compounds, while genotype differences existed for content of various phenolic compounds and resistance to the diseases. The high variability of content of phenolic compounds opens up for opportunities to breed resistant genotypes with improved health properties of the leaves for functional food products. ARTICLE HISTORY

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