This paper discusses the Quality of Service (QoS)-aware composition of Web Services. The work is based on the assumption that for each task in a workflow a set of alternative Web Services with similar functionality is available and that these Web Services have different QoS parameters and costs. This leads to the general optimization problem of how to select Web Services for each task so that the overall QoS and cost requirements of the composition are satisfied.Current proposals use exact algorithms or complex heuristics (e.g. genetic algorithms) to solve this problem. An actual implementation of a workflow engine (like our WSQoSX architecture), however, has to be able to solve these optimization problems in real-time and under heavy load. Therefore, we present a heuristic that performs extremely well while providing excellent (almost optimal) solutions. Using simulations, we show that in most cases our heuristic is able to calculate solutions that come as close as 99% to the optimal solution while taking less than 2% of the time of a standard exact algorithm. Further, we also investigate how much and under which circumstances the solution obtained by our heuristic can be further improved by other heuristics.

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Applying Gibb's geometrical methods to the thermodynamics of H-plasmas we explore the landscape of the free energy as a function of the degrees of ionization and dissociation. Several approximations for the free energy are discussed. We show that in the region of partial ionization/dissociation the quantum Debye-Hückel approximation (QDHA) yields a rather good but still simple representation which allows to include magnetic field and fluctuation effects. By using relations of Onsager-Landau-type the probability of fluctuations and ionization/dissociation processes are described. We show that the degrees of ionization/dissociation are probabilistic quantities which are subject to a relatively large dispersion. Magnetic field effects are studied.PACS. 52.25.Kn Thermodynamics of plasmas -52.27.Gr Strongly-coupled plasmas -05.70.Ln Nonequilibrium and irreversible thermodynamics