Is transformational leadership healthy for employees? A multilevel analysis in 16 nations ** This study examines the potential health promoting and hampering effects of transformational, contingent reward and laissez-faire leadership across 16 countries with a multi-source dataset comprising 93,576 subordinates in 11,177 teams of a large international company. We analyze how leadership climate strength, defined as the shared perceptions of employees concerning their supervisor's leadership behavior, affects individual employees' health and if leaders who are both transformational and transactional have more healthy employees (augmentation effect). In addition, we investigate how national power distance moderates these relationships. The results of multi-level analysis provide strong support for the health promoting effect of transformational leadership (r = .16 to r = .50), contingent reward (r = .14 to r = .48) and the health hampering effect of laissez-faire leadership (r =-.15 to r =-.43) within the analyzed 16 nations. Having a strong transformational leadership climate is also associated with better perceived health in eight countries. Finally, the augmentation effect was significant in six countries and we also found, as expected, that a high power distance strengthens the health promoting effects of transformational leadership. Overall, this study indicates that having a shared vision as well as clear goals, roles and rewards at work is important for promoting employees' health worldwide.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Zusammenfassung. Das Zweifaktoren-Modell nach Karasek zum Zusammenhang zwischen Arbeitsanforderungen und Tätigkeits-/Entscheidungsspielraum mit gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen der Arbeit hat in den letzten Jahren eine unverminderte Aktualität behalten. Es wird ein Fragebogen mit seinen Entwicklungs- und Validierungsbefunden vorgestellt, der sich an diesem Modell orientiert. Sein Einsatz wird als Screeningverfahren für die Abschätzung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Arbeitssituation und Gesundheitsauswirkungen empfohlen. In unabhängigen Stichproben (N = 526) konnte eine stabile Replikation des Zweifaktoren-Modells nachgewiesen werden. Erhöhter erlebter Tätigkeitsspielraum geht mit positivem Beanspruchungserleben und verbesserter Gesundheit einher. Erhöhte Arbeitsintensität ist mit verstärkten gesundheitlichen Beschwerden und erhöhter psychischer Fehlbeanspruchung verbunden. Die empirischen Befunde erbrachten keinen Nachweis der im Modell hypothetisch angenommenen Wechselwirkung zwischen Intensität der Anforderungen und Tätigkeitsspielraum. Differenziertere Modelle und der Einbezug bedingungsbezogener Analysedaten sind erforderlich, um über orientierende Anliegen hinaus Gestaltungsmaßnahmen abzuleiten.

The magnitude of great subduction megathrust earthquakes is controlled mainly by the number of adjacent asperities failing synchronously and the resulting rupture length. Here we investigate experimentally the long-term recurrence behavior of a pair of asperities coupled by static stress transfer over hundreds of seismic cycles. We statistically analyze long (c. 500 ka) time series of M8-9 analogue earthquakes simulated using a seismotectonic scale model approach with two aims: First, to constrain probabilistic measures (frequency-size distribution, variability) useful for hazard assessment and, second, to relate them with geometric observables (coseismic slip pattern, locking pattern). We find that the number of synchronized asperity failures relative to the number of individual asperity failures as well as the coefficients of variation of recurrence intervals and seismic moment scale with the logarithm of stress coupling between the asperities. Accordingly, tighter packed asperities tend to recur more periodically and with a more characteristic magnitude while more distant asperities show clustering of more variable sized events. The probability of synchronized failures seems to be controlled to first order by geometrical relations (i.e., spacing and offset of asperities). The effects of rheological properties are evident but it remains to be explored to which extent they vary in nature and how sensitive the system is to those.

We apply a geodetic slip inversion technique to analog subduction megathrust earthquakes to demonstrate how limited offshore geodetic coverage affects coseismic slip models. We analyzed two archetypical megathrust earthquakes: trench‐breaking and non‐trench‐breaking earthquakes. Slip inversion models of analog earthquakes show quantitative and qualitative changes as a function of offshore coverage. Shallow slip cannot be resolved if the observation coverage of the offshore segment is <50%. Moreover, the slip pattern of shallow events flips from landward to trenchward skewed as offshore coverage reduces to <40%. The estimated slip for both event types converges to a similar unimodal pattern when there is no offshore coverage. We infer 5–20% slip overestimation when the observations are above the high slipping zone during trench‐breaking events versus 5–10% underestimation during non‐trench‐breaking events if observations are land limited. The moment magnitude derived for trench‐breaking ruptures might be significantly affected (ΔMw ~ 0.5).

No abstract