Grounded in self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of dimensions of coaching behavior to intrinsic need satisfaction and indices of psychological and physical well-being among male adolescent athletes. Participants were 265 British soccer and cricket players (M age = 16.44).Structural equation modeling analysis, using maximum likelihood robust method, showed athletes' perceptions of autonomy support, mastery focus, and social support from the coach to predict their satisfaction of the needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness respectively. The satisfaction of the need for competence emerged as the most important predictor of psychological and physical well-being. The findings suggest that particular aspects of the social environment may be salient for fostering particular psychological needs. The results also underline the importance of perceived competence for the psychological and physical welfare of adolescents in team sports. Mental and Physical Welfare of Young Athletes 3Dimensions of Coaching Behavior, Need Satisfaction, and the Psychological and Physical Welfare of Young AthletesIn today's world of sport, pain rather than pleasure is often presented as the hallmark of what the motivated young athlete should feel. In quest of "the right body", many athletes starve themselves to be lighter or thinner, or inflate their body size via banned substances. Over-training in the pursuit of higher performance, although often leading to burnout and overuse injuries, is part of the sport experience for a number of sport participants (Gould, Udry, Tuffey, & Loehr, 1996). The literature suggests that the different social contexts manifested in sporting programs and, in particular, the behavior and interpersonal style of the coach, can play a major role in shaping the potential psychological, emotional, and physical effects (both positive and negative) of sport involvement (Duda, 2001;Smoll & Smith, 2002).One theoretical approach that may shed light on the potential implications of different aspects of the social environment in sport on the well-being of athletes is selfdetermination theory (SDT) (Deci & Ryan, 1985. Recently a sub-theory within SDT, termed basic needs theory (BNT) (Ryan & Deci, 2002), has been formalized to clarify the meaning of the concept of basic needs and their relevance to mental and physical health. BNT assumes three needs to be essential for the nurturance and growth of the human psyche: namely the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The satisfaction of the need for autonomy involves the experience of choice and the feeling that one is the initiator of one's own actions (deCharms, 1968). The satisfaction of the need for competence is fulfilled by the experience that one can effectively bring about desired effects and outcomes (White, 1959). Satisfaction of the relatedness need pertains to feeling that one is securely connected to and understood by others (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). According ...

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Grounded in achievement goal theory (Nicholls, 1989), the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of the perceived motivational climate and perceptions of ability to indices of psychological and physical well-being among male adolescents taking part in team sports. Participants were 265 adolescent soccer and cricket players. Reported self-esteem was the lowest among low perceived ability athletes participating in an environment that was perceived to be high in its ego-involving features, but high among athletes perceiving a highly task-involving environment regardless of their perceptions of competence. Contingent self-esteem, physical exhaustion, and reported physical symptoms were positively predicted by perceptions of an ego-involving climate. The results suggest that an examination of variations in the perceived motivational climate may provide further insight into whether sport participation can be health promotive or potentially damaging to athletes’ welfare.

The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in physical activity (PA), physical fitness and psychosocial well-being in early adolescents following implementation of a school-based health promotion program in secondary schools. Methods: Six municipalities in Telemark County, Norway, were recruited into intervention (6 schools) or control groups (9 schools). A total of 644 pupils participated in the study (response rate: 79%). The schools in the intervention group implemented the Active and Healthy Kids program, where the PA component consisted of (1) 120 min/week of physically active learning (PAL) and (2) 25 min/week of physical active breaks. Furthermore, both the intervention and control schools carried out 135 min/week of physical education. The primary outcome was PA. Secondary outcomes were sedentary time, physical fitness, subjective vitality and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in five domains: physical health, psychological well-being, parent, peers and school. Results: There was a group x time effect on school-based PA (p < 0.05), but not total PA, as well as on physical fitness (p < 0.05) and vitality (p < 0.01). In girls, there also was a group x time effect on three out of the five domains on HRQoL (p < 0.05). Conclusions: A multi-component, school-based health-promotion program with emphasis on the use of PAL led to positive changes in school-based PA levels. Furthermore, positive changes were seen in physical fitness, vitality and HRQoL among early adolescents in a county with a poor public health profile. This might have implications for the development and promotion in schools of general health and well-being throughout adolescence.

To examine whether lifestyle-related factors and resilience predict health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a sample of early adolescents. Methods: A total of 611 eighth grade pupils (response rate: 79%) participated in this crosssectional study. The variables measured were physical activity (accelerometer), cardiorespiratory fitness (Andersen test) and a questionnaire assessing dietary habits, sleep disturbance, resilience (Resilience Scale for Adolescents) and HRQoL (KIDSCREEN-27). Results: A total of 36% of the sample met the official recommendations of 60 minutes of daily physical activity. Univariate analysis identified physical activity, dietary habits, sleep disturbances, body mass index (BMI), cardiorespiratory fitness and resilience, but not sedentary time, as predictors of HRQoL. Multivariate regression analysis identified resilience as a positive predictor (b 0.18 to 0.27) of all HRQoL domains and sleep disturbance as a negative predictor (b À0.65 to À0.24) of four HRQoL domains. BMI (b ¼ À0.27) and cardiorespiratory fitness (b ¼ 0.021) were predictors of the HRQoL domain physical well-being. Adherence to dietary recommendations was both a positive and a negative predictor of HRQoL (b À0.45 to 0.59). Conclusion: Resilience and sleep disturbances were the main predictors of HRQoL.