In recent years, philosophers have proposed a variety of accounts of the nature of harm. In this paper, I consider several of these accounts and argue that they are unsuccessful. I then make a modest case for a different view.
It seems that people typically prefer dying later to dying earlier. It also seems that people typically do not prefer having been created earlier to having been created later. Lucretius’ Puzzle is the question whether anything typically rationally recommends having a preference for dying later to dying earlier over having a preference for having been created earlier to having been created later. In this paper, I distinguish among three ways in which Lucretius’ Puzzle can be understood and say how I think they ought to be answered.
For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS.For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprodTo order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. AcknowledgmentsThe following U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service personnel were instrumental in initiating this project and performing field work: Neal Brown, Natoma Buskness, Cheryl Jacobs, Wayne King, Gregory Knutsen, Murray Laubhan, and Paul Van Ningen. We thank the North Dakota Department of Health for providing Long Lake Creek data from a complementary study. We also thank Cami Dixon for comments on a previous version of this report.We thank the following U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center personnel for performing field work and data collection: Clinton Helms, Andrew Lillijord, Peter Mockus, Jacob Niemeier, Sarah Paycer, Mike Pederson, Matthew Retka, Mark Schaffner, Tim Spivey, Lee Tafelmeyer, Amy Timm, and Colin Wilson. We thank the staff from the U.S. Geological Survey North Dakota Water Science Center for collecting streamflow measurements. We also thank Robert Lundgren for comments on a previous version of this report. Specific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (µS/cm at 25° C). Concentrations AbstractLong Lake National Wildlife Refuge, located in southcentral North Dakota, is an important habitat for numerous migratory birds and waterfowl, including several threatened or endangered species. The refuge is distinguished by Long Lake, which is approximately 65 square kilometers and consists of four primary water management units. Water levels in the Long Lake units are maintained by low-level dikes and water-control structures, which after construction during the 1930s increased the water-storage capacity of Long Lake and reduced the frequency and volume of flushing flows downstream. The altered water regime, along with the negative precipitation:evaporation ratio of the region, may be contributing to the accumulation of water-borne chemical constituents such as salts, trace metals, and other constituents, which at certain threshold concentrations may impair aquatic plant, invertebrate, and bird communities of the refuge. The refuge's comprehensive conservation planning process identified the need for water-quality monitoring to assess current (2013) conditions, establish comparative baselines, evaluate changes over time (trends), and support adaptive management of the wetland units. In 2008, ...
I argue that, given certain prominent views of personal identity and prudence, the nonidentity problem, or a very similar problem, can arise postconception. I clarify and defend this claim by considering the implications of these views for prenatal injury.
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