Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) show different physical and chemical properties compared to their macroscale analogs. This is primarily due to their small size and, consequently, the exceptional surface area of these materials. Presently, advances in the synthesis, stabilization, and production of AgNPs have fostered a new generation of commercial products and intensified scientific investigation within the nanotechnology field. The use of AgNPs in commercial products is increasing and impacts on the environment and human health are largely unknown. This article discusses advances in AgNP production and presents an overview of the commercial, societal, and environmental impacts of this emerging nanoparticle (NP), and nanomaterials in general. Finally, we examine the challenges associated with AgNP characterization, discuss the importance of the development of NP reference materials (RMs) and explore their role as a metrological mechanism to improve the quality and comparability of NP measurements.

The increasing application of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in consumer and medical products has motivated the development of single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) for characterizing nanoparticles under realistic environmental exposure conditions. Recent studies have established a set of metrological criteria and evaluated the feasibility of spICP-MS for sizing or quantifying various highly commercialized ENMs. However, less is known about the performance of spICP-MS for detecting nanoparticles with sizes greater than 80 nm. This paper presents a systematic study on spICP-MS for accurate size measurement of gold nanoparticles from 10 to 200 nm. We show that dwell time contributes significantly to the quality of data, with the optimal dwell time that limits split particle events, particle coincidences and false positives being 10 ms. A simple approach to correct for split particle events is demonstrated. We show that transient features of single particle events can be temporally resolved on a conventional quadrupole ICP-MS system using a sufficiently short dwell time (0.1 ms). We propose an intensity-size diagram for estimating the linear dynamic size range and guiding the selection of ICP-MS operating conditions. The linear dynamic size range of the ICP-MS system under standard (highest) sensitivity conditions is 10 to 70 nm but can be further extended to 200 nm by operating in less sensitive modes. Finally, the ability of spICP-MS to characterize heterogeneous forms of metal containing nanoparticles is evaluated in mixtures containing both dissolved and poly disperse nanoparticulate Au.

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